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Money: Whence It Came, Where It Went

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The noted economist-diplomat traces the evolution of money and of the institutions and techniques for its management and mismanagement from Lydian coinage to current inflation.

336 pages, Hardcover

First published January 1, 1975

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About the author

John Kenneth Galbraith

225 books433 followers
John Kenneth Galbraith was a Canadian-American economist. He was a Keynesian and an institutionalist, a leading proponent of 20th-century American liberalism and democratic socialism. His books on economic topics were bestsellers in the 1950s and 1960s. A prolific author, he produced four dozen books & over a 1000 articles on many subjects. Among his most famous works was his economics trilogy: American Capitalism (1952), The Affluent Society (1958) & The New Industrial State (1967). He taught at Harvard University for many years. He was active in politics, serving in the administrations of Franklin Roosevelt, Harry Truman, John Kennedy, and Lyndon Johnson. He served as US Ambassador to India under John F. Kennedy.

He received the Presidential Medal of Freedom twice: one in 1946 from President Truman, and another in 2000 from President Clinton. He was also awarded the Order of Canada in 1997, and in 2001, the Padma Vibhushan, India's second highest civilian award, for strengthening ties between India and the USA.

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Displaying 1 - 30 of 37 reviews
Profile Image for Seán.
206 reviews
April 20, 2009
Categorical Syllogism Review:

Idiots are rarely right about anything.
Thomas Sowell, an idiot, hates this book.
Therefore, this book is probably pretty good.

I really enjoyed this. Galbraith upbraids the Milton Friedmanites, savages Nixon, writes like a smoking jacket-wearing gangster, and eradicates ignorance on every page:
Where economic misfortune is concerned, a word on nomenclature is necessary. In the course of his disastrous odyssey Pal Joey, the most inspired of John O'Hara's creations, finds himself singing in a Chicago crib strictly for cakes and coffee. He explains this misfortune by saying that the panic is still on. His term--archaic and thus slightly pretentious--reflects the unfailing O'Hara ear. During the last century and until 1907, the United States had panics. But, by 1907, the language was becoming, like so much else, the servant of economic interest. To minimize the shock to confidence, businessmen and bankers had started to explain that any current economic setback was not realy a panic, only a crisis. They were undeterred by the use of this term in a much more ominious context--that of the ultimate capitalist crisis--by Marx. By the 1920's, however, the word crisis had also aquired the fearsome connotation of the event it described. Accordingly, men offered reassurance by explaining that it was not a crisis, only a depression. A very soft word. Then the Great Depression associated the most frightful of economic misfortunes with that term, and economic semanticists now explained that no depression was in prospect, at most only a recession. In the 1950s, when there was a modest setback, economists and public officials were united in denying that it was a recession--only a sidewise movement or a rolling readjustment. Mr. Herbert Stein, the amiable man whose difficult honor it was to serve as the economic voice of Richard Nixon, would have referred to the panic of 1893 as a growth correction.
555 reviews4 followers
August 21, 2020
Not my native habitat, but it seemed a good idea to reread this old master's work. Easy reading and surprising insights. Nevertheless, this is the dismal science, and singularly devoid of the kind of character development I look for. Money is the lowest common denominator.
Profile Image for Shira.
Author 3 books190 followers
February 17, 2016

Online extracts here for searching for some of my quotes:
http://lachlan.bluehaze.com.au/books/...

-p.8 --Finally! A reputable/academic/economist citing del Mar: (2) Alexander Del Mar, History of Monetary Systems (London: Effingham Wilson, 1895; New York: Augustus M. Kelley, 1969), pp. 1-2.'

...'In time it would be asserted that the debauchment of the currency caused the downfall of Rome. This historiography - the tendency to attach vast adverse consequences to monetary behaviour of which the observer happens to disapprove - is one which we will find frequently to recur. It should, needless to say, be regarded with the utmost suspicion."'
-I still agree with delMar and Keynes that the coincidence is too much to be accidental.


...'"Though willing to have banks for the purpose of deposit, Thomas Jefferson strongly opposed their issue of notes. Writing to John Taylor in 1816, he agreed that banking establishments were more to be feared than standing armies."'
--I have yet to find the full source for this in the Jefferson Archives (UVA), despite seeing it quoted widely as authoritative.

..."Most dangerous of all would be democracy. ...none forsaw that farmers and workers would one day have the power that would make governments unwilling to impose these hardships even in so righteous a cause as defence of the currency. ...the interests of the rich in these mattes could differ from those of others."
--I contend that democracy (if $ is distributed fairly) is not a danger to fiscal discipline.


...quotes Ricardo: "He [the farmer], more than any other class of the community is benefited by the depreciation of money, and injured by the increase of its value.(20)"
---presumably by the higher ratio of land value to coin/money value? Back to H. George again...

p.53 Maj. CH Douglass predated by MD colony in issuing cit. div. (worked very well); p. 56 The Land Bank Manufactury Co. bank notes outlawed retroactively from London under the Bubble Acts; ended colonial banks

p. 60 gold == morality
p. 66 assignats backed by land worked until not backed at all... (financed Fr. Rev.)
p. 70 US Bank Finan. war (Am. Rev.) but w/hyperinflation (too bad, imnsho, that "the notes of the bank went out to a borrower at an interest rate that duly and directly rewarded the owners of the bank.")
p. 80 re: The Money War Ch. 7: led up 2??? (on Bank paying off members of Congress to vote or make nice speeches about certain things...)
p. 94 "hard money morality"
p. 102 'Gilded Age': gold==univ. money system
p. 105 #3 (Hildreth, 'Banks, Banking, and Paper Currencies' Boston: 1840 in Samuel Rezneck Business, Depressions and Financial Panics NY:Greenwood Pub. 1968): speculation good when succeeds, crime only if fails
P. 109 be happy and the money will follow (confidence==self-fulfilling proph.)

P. 111 a bank failure: 1. Hurts ppl w/$ in that bank, and also: 2. hurts (reduces and tightens simult.) the money supply overall

P. 117 #3(Samuelson, pp 272-273): Fed. Res. Open Mkt Com: 'most powerful group of private citizens in America'; FDIC;
P.118 ref.#5: Fed="purpose of the System is to foster growth at high levels of employment, with a stable dollar..." -failed miserably


p. 117 JKG -> 'The Money Masters' (see that cd on "The Creature from Jeckal Island" -via Altruists.org??) --says same thing re. creation of the Fed.; Also agrees that Fed. made Gr. Depression worse.

p. 118 "P is as p does"; ref.#5: BoGovs of Fed, The Fed Res Sys: Purposes and Functions (DC '63), p2.; "Belmont Syndrome"
p. 127 varied defs. of 'elastic money' big problem: small banks left out of "club of the great and the strong."
p. 128 'inflation could occur on a solid gold standard'
p. 132-133: Fed. is for big $

p. 145 --reminds me of Polanyi and his 'Long 19th century' as he and Galbraith end gold age in 1914
p. 147 -The 20's: much of wrld gold had come to US, France had some gold: none left the US-> inflation and boom


p. 168: Churchill's '25 decision->Miners' Strike; p. 175 Fed. caused Gr. Dep.: 1 July '27 (imnsho);
P. 186 Austrian School economists all migrated to US just in time not to do anything about the Gr. Depr. for fear of non-existent inflation just because they saw hyperinflation in Germany under totally diff. circums. !!

p. 206: Keynes "Roosevelt is magnificently right" ref. 13, Schlesinger p.223
p. 209 on I. Fisher: equation of exchange (rules Quant. of money theory) and prices; warm praise-Keynes


p. 220 nixed Keynes won: 1.Say's Law, 2. mkt. equib. w/out full empl. is possible
p.223 Hobson prev. fr. teaching to 'question the virtue of unlimited thrift' is 'sin'
--JKG on Keynes: 1. must *enforce* spending 2. made it ok to contradict Says Law or discuss 'oversaving' as a problem
p. 230 "common sense...always been believed" but not nec. right

P. 255 (Ch. 18 Good Years: The Preparation) ---imho he's wrong about Keynes being ==Bretton Woods. I've read Keynes lost to the Ameri. delegation on most of his ideas (i.e. Bancor)


p. 262 censoring Keynes name out of JKG's article review for Forbes...
p. 267 says Keyserling's lost push for full-empl. led to/prep. way for later gains (else wouldn't have even tried for more later...) --so always persevere...

p. 270 again confidence -> self-fulfiling economic pred.
p. 276 "in practice intervention was essential" for full employment... but economics myths tend to win out
p. 278 Keynsian antidote to inflation=taxes. Esp. on rich. hard to do --Ricard's 'monied men...'
p. 279 "rich prefer inflation" -imho because infl==higher prices->hjigher profits; Fed's mon. policy makes it worse
P. 280 rediscount rate and open-mkt ops mythology still rules; -mon. pol. more convenient -fiscal pol.. M. Friedman saw Fisher's (quant. eq.) as best option; GNP <- M (one of M-M4, take your pick dep. on whether counting savings as money, etc.) but !=Fiscal pol.
p. 283/4: but if infl. target == q. no infl. -> no price incr. -> no bus. expansion

P. 284 "archeology" of economics :-)
p. 289 "reputation of capitalism" --this is important??
p. 299 OPEC embargo luchy: had inflation to help the OPEC nations (i.e. w/out infl. embargo wouldn't have worked...)
p. 300 Prof. Richard N. Cooper at Pres. Ford's Summit Conf. on Inflation in autumn, '74:
1. "surrogate tax" -back to JFKennedy's cursing U.S. Steel re.Guideposts 2. admits that he didn't see it at first, either

P. 302 "good tailor" better than curiosity

---WHY on earth does he keep linking corp.s and unions together as having so much power??!! Oh:
P. 303: 'union and corp.' power i.e. monopolies vs. Cesar Chavez (who actually used to report Mexican illegals
(one artificially keeps prices up; other artif. raises wages; both are outside normal market forces, unlike smaller players...)


p. 304-307 Afterword: in 1975 currencies already outside national ability to control, much more now w/internet: mon. policy can't control so must use fiscal policy; imho need more progressive tax on rich to gain revenues from luxury items and keep down inflation (which only hurts the poor, since wealthy put money in other curr/comm. to protect it); JKG says Fed should stop mon. pol. (i.e. int. rate fidling) and do Lender of Last Resort (stop bank failure) work, control speculation. Notes M can't be measured or controlled.
(ref. 1: A. Hayes 'Testing Time for Monetary Policy' address NYstate Bankers Asso. NYC Jan. 20, '75...); Must be firm on raising taxes.

This guy was certainly no socialist.

Last sentence: In other words, 'those who yearn for the end of capitalism should pray for...' Alan Greenspan!

Read, Write, Run, Teach !

ShiraDest
17 February, 12016 HE

Profile Image for Michael.
199 reviews2 followers
December 1, 2021
A time for a 3.5 stars. An interesting and informative history of money, the currency. Not a comprehensive global history of coins and such, but from the Western European perspective as it feeds in particular to the United States' worldwide predominance in monetary matters as of the mid-20th century. The historical aspect is fascinating and written in Galbraith's usual powerful, erudite, flowing voice - the content is also informed, clearly, by the research he had done for the BBC television series The Uncertain Age but left on the editing floor. What was hoped for was his take on inflation and I got what I had hoped for. Creating money is a simple thing: governing money at the key junctures in economic time, however, is less so. In short, the key point he makes is that depression/recession and inflation are the two sides of the same coin when monetary policy gone awry. His view is that, in the twentieth-century era of the large corporation and trade unions, recession and inflation can be controlled by government intervention. Price ceilings should be imposed by government decree for the former's products and wage increase ceilings similarly imposed on the latter. This view is not written in isolation but from Galbraith's own considered and considerable position working for and advising the US government on these exact matters, and presented in light of his historical review of money and its historical consequences. The reason why he targets these two elements - corporations and unions - is that they are powerful forces in the economy, recessionary and inflationary elements in and of themselves, but which lack the internal controls to restrict their own price increases and wage increases when the market goes out of alignment. Left to its own devices to operate according to market forces, a corporation will increase its prices when supply is short and demand high - and a union will increase its workers' wages to match product price increases and general costs inflation on the whole. This makes sense in a low-inflation and non-recessionary environment, but they become the cause of the effect, as Galbraith says, of recession and inflation when these occur. Galbraith advises that other industries, primary agricultural, shouldn't have price ceilings places on their products. The reason being that the agricultural sector does not, at the time of writing, wield sufficient market control as do corporations over key sectors of the economy relative to Gross National Product. In this respect, Galbraith could not have accounted for the steady decline in union membership since the 1980s. Nor also the modern consolidation of agriculture: corporations of significant size now control a great deal of the North American food supply chain, in particular meat and grains. But his historical review does seem to support his argument that 1) monetary policy is not that complex, 2) the free market does not control recession and inflation when it occurs, rather 3) the free market left to its own devices will encourage recession and inflation when it occurs by virtue of its basic profit function. Amidst this, Galbraith argues consistently against Milton Friedman's position which was the new vogue at the time (and unfortunately the vogue for the next decades even to the present) but which I think Galbraith has been shown right by time. In my view, Friedman's economic wisdom enriches the few at the expense of the many, justified only by an apparently dogmatic view that such a result is the natural entitlement of capitalism. What is important to note is that this book, published in 1975, was written in perspective of the 1973 oil crisis in America. On this subject, this is where the book really throttles the subject of inflation and the appropriate responses to a high inflationary environment. Treating inflation as strictly a matter of monetary policy by influencing interest rates and the flow of money into the national economy by deficit spending - creating increased economic activity - and funded by balanced taxation does not solve the problem. There's more to be said on this, but best read the book and form your own opinions - since economics, in my view, is a sophisticated but nonetheless crude kind of con's game: it's very much an art that has little to do with expertise but rather with an economist's ability to persuade leadership. Money, and so the economy depended on money, being built on peoples' confidence in the currency. Confidence is sometimes born from having the best idea relying on the best information; other times, confidence is simply about bulldozing away the opposition, irrespective of whether you're right or wrong in the short and long run.
65 reviews5 followers
May 15, 2015
Pag 6 Denaro falsa relazione con intelligenza.
Pag 12 Argento 10, rame 20 oro 30
Pag 13 I primi il re di Lidia. Il viso del sovrano era una garanzia più che un omaggio.
Pag 14 Ridurre quantità di metallo, tosare la moneta; falsari. Il Bisante per alcuni secoli fu esempio di moneta stabile. L'impero romano invece sotto pressione delle guerre puniche parte un ininterrotto deprezzamento.
Pag 15 Le monete buone tesaurizzate le monete cattive circolavano. Copernico la moneta cattiva scaccia sempre quella buona. La gente si tiene ciò che più conviene a sè e alle persone care.
Pag 16 I metalli dall'America all'Europa portano aumento dei prezzi. Prezzi * 3,5 in Andalusia. In Spagna aumentano un po anche i salari negli altri paesi meno.
Pag 17 Inflazione punisce chi possiede meno.
Pag 17 Alti profitti stimolano il commercio Inflazione: passa il tempo vendo la cosa ad un prezzo più alto.
Pag 18-19 Invincibile Armada è una leggenda gli inglesi erano superiori come tecnologia; la maggior parte dei metalli non viene rubata ma estratta da miniere.
Pag 20 70% delle entrate spagnole per la guerra; altri paesi spendono il 66% delle entrate per la guerra.
Pag 21 Per limitare e controllare abusi nel 1609 nasce banca U.K. Ogni rimedio è generalmente fonte di nuovi abusi.
Pag 22 Legame malsano tra municipalità Amsterdam; Banca; Compagnia delle indie orientali. 1819 dopo due secoli va in liquidazione.
Pag 24 Banca = Medici agenti fiscali della Santa Sede. Banche Lombarde poi a Londra Lombard Street.
Pag 25 Dai depositi nascono prestiti ad interesse.
Pag 27 Se si presentano insieme chi vuole convertire la moneta e chi vuole riscuotere il deposito la banca salta.
Pag 28 John Law
Pag 30 Legge di Mill aumento dei prezzi . Compagnia del mississipi per garantire i prestiti la compagnia delle indie ha l'esclusività del commercio. Monopolio di tabacchi, diritto di conio e riscossione delle tasse.
Pag 31 L'emissione titoli finanzia le spese del Re prestito dalla Banque Royale al governo usato come moneta per pagare debiti e tasse e poi per comprare azioni l'utile per pagare creditori i quali comprano a loro volta le azioni.
Pag 37 Per evitare eccsi nasce la riserva obbligatoria per ridurre i prestiti.
Pag 39 Banca U.K uguale a John Law si tratta di William Paterson anche lui scozzese 1694.
Pag 40-41 Compagnia del mare del sud in Uk. stessa cosa di quella delle indie in Francia.
Pag 42-43 Guerrra con America; poi con Napoleone blocca la convertibilità e genera inflazione.
Pag 44 DA cosa parte il mutamento economico? Aumento offerta di moneta che genera inflazione dei prezzi oppure economia reale che influenza economia monetaria?
Pag 45 Davi Ricardo era per il rigore monetario per evitare la svalutazione delle banconote.
Pag 46 Ricardo però non si rendeva conto di essere in guerra.
Pag 47-48 Se banca U.k aumentava tasso di sconto era il segnale che i prestiti andavano ridotti. SE non bastava vendeva titoli e teneva nelle riserve contante che non circolava e quindi riduceva i prestiti.
Pag 51 Freud sostiene che l'attaccamento all'oro è legato al subconscio. Per riunire tutto l'oro del mondo basta un transatlantico.
Pag 52 Banca Uk strumento classe dominante per abbassare prezzi e salari e far aumentare disoccupazione quando c'è troppa euforia e la moneta andava difesa. Chi ha più denaro ha più a cuore il suo valore.
Pag 57 Gli Indiani Wampum valuta di riserva legali pelli di castoro e conchiglie.
Pag 58 Il tabacco nella storia americana è durato per il doppio del tempo rispetto all'oro.
Pag 58 Il tabacco si presta al prezzamento di qualità.
Pag 59 I debiti erano in libbre di foglie.
Pag 59 Tabacco 10 pence alla librra era il valore di una libbra di tabacco in Virginia. Nessuno faceva circolare il buon tabacco (Legge di Gresham)
Pag 60 Nel Massachussetts 1690 nasce la carta moneta.
Pag 61 I biglietti di carta moneta per pagare reduci di guerra si prometteva convertibilità intanto con quelli pagavano le tasse.
Pag 65 Charles J. bullock prof di Harvard emissione monetaria delle colonie "orgia frode e corruzione"
Pag 66 La gente che ha avuto esperienze di inflazione preferisce stabilità prezzi, mentre chi ha avuto stabilità preferiva un po' d'inflazione. Le comunità antiche fanno meno esperimenti monetari.
Pag 69 La rivoluzione America fu soprattutto pagata con moneta cartacea.
Pag 70 USA nascono con iperinflazione.
Pag 71 Moneta con valore intrinseco; "Moneta con promessa di convertibilità"; moneta corso forzoso valore legale dello stato. L'importante per mantenere il valore è la scarsità.
Pag 74 Rivoluzione francese gli Assignants erano convertibili in terra. Non si poteva nascondere esportare; ne produrre più di quella dello stato.
Pag 75 10 dic 1789 400000000 di lire garantite da terra del clero che era pari ai 1/5 di tutta la Francia.
Pag 75 Nei primi anni potere d'acquisto assignants rimasto costante.
Pag 77 Febbraio 1797 si ritorna all'oro e argento. Ma la rivoluzione era cosa fatta grazie agli assignants.
Pag 81 Il dollaro Americano dopo aver tolto dalla circolazione l'oro in America toglie dalla circolazione il dollaro d'argento spagnolo.
Pag 82 I biglietti di Banca andavano a chi chiedeva un prestito a un tasso d'interesse che remunerava i proprietari della banca. La funzione del credito in una società sempliceè egualitaria. La predizione per le banche cattive in USA cioè le banche che prestano anche ai poveri è una spinta egualitaria.
Pag 87 Ancora una volta il disordine stimola un sentimento d'ordine.
Pag 98 dal 1832-1932 anarchia più utile alla frontiera di quanto sarebbe stato un sistema più ordinato che avesse posto limiti al credito. E' raro che la gente si faccia opinione sbagliata dei propri interessi pecunari, su vasta scala e per molto tempo (nessuna confusione tra denaro e capitale).
Pag 98-99 Fallisce la seconda banca tra 1830-1836 da 300 a 700 banche.
Pag 99 Banca di proprietà statale contro la costituzione che vieta stati di emettere moneta.
Pag 99 Liberalizzazione sistema bancario.
Pag 101 1840-1847 Banche falliscono. ERano in circolazione tantissimi biglietti diversi e molti falsi.
Pag 103 Il 10 luglio 1866 soppressione di tutte le banconote di stato e 10% di tassa su quelle emesse da privati. Le banche sostiuirono la creazione di biglietti con quella di depositi che per sua natura è più prudente.
Pag 104 La guerra civile pur avendo ottenuto parziale successo indebolì le posizioni dei sostenitori della moneta metallica. Nel 1837 non de iure, ma de facto c'erà il golden standard.
Pag 105 Si è affermato sin dai tempi antichi, che la verità è la prima vittima in guerra. Ma è possibile che la prima è la moneta. Guerra finanziata in USA con emissione di titoli di stato e quella di moneta cartacea. Acluni storici accusarono Chase di aver generato inflazione, ma non si poteva fare altrimenti.
Pag 107-108 LA confederazione essendo ancora meno incline alle tasse stampa ancora più moneta inflazione pari a 90 volte aumento salario pari solo a 10 volte.
Pag 109 Il miracolo della confederazione fu la sua lunga sopravvivenza.
Pag 110 Dopo un periodo di ritiro di Biglietti verdi si va alle elezioni e si forma partito dei biglietti verdi.
Pag 110-111 Si passa sia in europa sia in USA a convertibilità solo in oro accantonato dollaro d'argento 1873.
Pag 112 1878 la causa del ritorno al dollaro d'argento diventa forta tra i democratici.
Pag 113 La legge di Gresham fa tesaurizzare oro e circolare argento. Una disavventura può spesso rivelarsi un vantaggio quando gli uomini sono abbastanza accorti per individura le cause.
Pag 113-114 L'argento viene abbandonato 1900
Pag 115 1890-1910 epoca d'orata. Se il denaro è solido non ti poni neanche la domanda se può fare la fine dei Biglietti continentali o dei Reichsmark.
Pag 116 Esisteva un unico sistema universale.
Pag 117 La moneta aurea era unica e semplice in tutti i paesi industriali
Pag 117 A partire dal 1907 l'economia penetra anche nel linguaggio. Prima i momenti neri venivano definiti panico ora per non minare la fiducia (elemento insito nel commercio) si parla di crisi. Poi si passa alla depressione, ma con la Grande Depressione del 1929 ci vuole un'altro termine e si usa recessione.
Pag 118 Crisi 1819,1837,1857,1873,1907,1921,1929 sembra dei cicli delle onde.
Pag 118 Marx sovrapproduzione cumulativa porta alla diminuzione dei profitti (operai incapaci di comprare e in sincrono aumento capacità produttiva). Il capitalismo concentrato nelle mani di pochi sarebbe stato auto-distrutto.
Pag 119 I panici avevano delle costanti c'era espansione dell'attività economica concentrata in qualche forma d'investimento: canali, ferrovie.
Pag 119 Nel 1819 e 1837 ci fu speculazione sulla terra.
Pag 120 Poi la speculazione passò alle ferrovie ed infine nel 1907 ai titoli azionari.
Pag 121 Verso la fine degli anni 20 si moltiplicano le società finanziarie di investimento (precursori del fondo d'investimento). Definizione di speculazione acquisto in base ad una teoria
più o meno razionale nell'attesa che l'oggetto aumenti di prezzo tipicamente non perchè aumenta il valore fondamentale o intrinseco ma perchè altri avranno una view simile e domanderanno il bene.
Qualunque sia il trend di salita la discesa dei prezzi è sempre brusca ecco il panico del 1819 e del 1929.
Pag 122 Il trend dei prezzi in particolare quelli agricoli era in discesa e il boom ne arresta la caduta. Questa cosa è difficile da immaginare oggi con le lobby che sostengono il prezzo minimo.
Pag 123 I panici determiinano il ricorso a due tipi di rimedi, sempre accolti con molto favore, anche se niente ne prova l'efficacia. 1° Negare la sciagura economica.
Pag 124 2° l'altra reazione preferita consiste nel ricercare una consolazione religiosa come surrogato di un intervento più costoso.
Pag 124 Nel 1820 quasi il 90% dei lavoratori agricoli. Nel 1870 ancora 50%. Nel 1929 meno del 25% della popolazione era agricola.
Pag 125 Le banche fallivano tante banche. 1930-1934 falliscono oltre 900 banche. Se fallisce una banca ha un doppio effetto negativo: sui capitali dei banchieri, sui depositi in più si contrae offerta di denaro.
Pag 127 Si pensava che le banche del west fossero distinte da banche New York ma già dal 1931 col telegrafo la situazione era interconnessa. Speculazioni sui terreni colpisce banche di provincia quella sui titoli le grandi città.
Pag 128 nascono le banche d'investimento (Trust Companies) il loro sviluppo fu legato alla speculazione sul rame del 1907. Il panico del 1907 non viene da deboli sistemi finanziari di provincia, ma da speculazioni sul rame che partono da New York.
Pag 129 Moneta e Banche hanno un ruolo nella crisi o sono solo lo specchio di un momento di crescita tumultuoso? Le banche avevano struttura che favoriva prestito e quindi anche il crollo successivo, ma la gente voleva prestiti per costruire un continente con produzione e speculazione.
Pag 133 la limitazione dei prestiti bancari durante il boom ed essere prestatore di ultima istanza in depressione sono i compiti di una Banca Centrale. MA durante la Grande Depressione non fu la
Riserva Federale (FED) ma la Recostruction Finance Corporation a farlo.
Pag 138 1910 progetto unica banca centrale.
Pag 139 I provvedimenti legislativi sono approvati quando l'opposizione si rende conto della necessità e vuole disarmare chi ha proposto la legge.
Pag 144 Disposizione strana le piccole banche di provincia meno riserva federale % delle grandi città. LE banche conservatrici di città avrebbero comunque tenuto più riserva.
Pag 149 Ci volle un pò di tempo perchè la Federal Reserve si rendesse conto di poter usare operazioni di mercato aperto (comprare e vendere titoli di Stato)
Pag 150 Nel 1935 la vera Federal Reserve Centralizzata.
Pag 155 Durante la guerra arriva un flusso d'oro eccezzionale.
Pag 158 Molto più banconote in circolazione
Pag 159 Negli USA si prospetta inflazione d'oro.
Pag 160 I guerra Mondiale guerra combattutta da USA con una moneta forte.
Pag 161 La fine della I guerra mondiale e la guerra civile sono uguali nella sostanza per ricostruire si stampa moneta ma lo stile fa la differenza.
Pag 162 Durante la guerra prezzi all'ingrosso USA raddoppiano tra giugno 1916 e giugno 1917
Pag 163 In Italia durante la guerra aumento prezzi 4,5 volte.
Pag 164 Il monopolio del Nichel semplifica l'attività di regolamentazione e riduzione dei prezzi.
Pag 166-167 L'oro doveva armonizzare le economie mondialista c'era nazionalismo.
Pag 168 Francia devestata. Ricostruzione avviata rapidamente con prestiti che dovevano essere coperti dal versamente danni di guerra della Germania.
Pag 169 Nel 1923 in Germania inflazione devastante e si capisce che non paga debiti di guerra. La gente detiene Dollari e sterline, franco svizzero e il franco si deprezza.
Pag 170 Quando c'è inflazione la gente aspira a prezzi stabiliti. Quando c'è stabilità le minaccie sono alte tasse economia pigra e disoccupazione. Sempre più urgente ciò che non si possiede.
Francesi anni 20 non avevano stabilità di prezzi. Negli ambienti raffinati inflazione era solo un male.
Pag 171 Nel 1928 la Francia torna al sistema aureo.
Pag 172 Prima dell'inflazione tedesca unica nella storia ci fu quella austriaca sotto l'egida di Joseph A. Schumpeter.
Pag 173 La richiesta di riparazione dei danni di guerra contribuirono all'inflazione.
Pag 174-175 Mettendo tasse e non facendo spesa pubblica la Germania avrebbe ripagato il debito.
Pag 176 J.M.Keynes nel 1921 rischiò il fallimento. Il 27 Novembre 1923 tracollo inflazione.
Pag 179 L'occupazione francese della Ruhr fu benzina sul fuoco ma non fu la causa dell'inflazione.
Pag 179 L'inflazione genera enorme deficit di Bilancio dello stato. Nessun banchiere concedeva prestiti.
Pag 181 20 Novembre vecchio marco non ha più valore legale Rentenmark era garantito da una ipoteca su terre (del tutto inesistente) ma funzionò. Inflazione si ferma ma cresce disoccupazione.
Pag 184 I paesi che videro crollare la moneta dopo Prima guerra mondiale conobbero Fascismo o comunismo o entrambi come Germania Est, Polonia e Ungheria.
Pag 185 La U.K. dipende dal commercio coll'estero per questo difficile da gestire. Nel 1925 si torna al sistema aureo.
Pag 186-187 Errore nel fissare cambio con oro come prima della guerra nel frattempo i prezzi erano cresciuti del 10%.
Pag 187 Keynes in polemica con Churcill ma con compassione.
Pag 191 Nel 1920-1921 deflazione e depressione che trascina molto in basso i prezzi agricoli. Mercato agricolo più concorrenziale.
Pag 193 Tra 1922 e 1929 salari fissi produttività aumenta e quindi aumentano i profitti.
PAg 194 Negli anni 20 nascono fondi speculativi.
Pag 195 Una volta esaurita la spinta alla crescita la paura prende il sopravvento.
Pag 196 Nel 1927 si incontrano a New York i banchieri di Francia, U.K. e Germania con il governatore della Banca della riserva federale di New York non con quello centrale di Wasghinton.
Pag 197 Per aiutare economie più deboli usa abbassa tasso di sconto questò però aiuta le speculazioni.
Pag 202 Era impossibile fermare la speculazione senza essere additato come non patriottico. All'inizio dell'estate del 1929 PAul M.Warburg prova a mettere in guardia ma viene ricoperto di insulti.
Pag 204 Dopo la crisi del 1929 l'economia ritorna a livello pre crisi solo nel 1937
Pag 206 Dare colpa alla Borsa della grande Crisi è escamotage dei moralisti però la Borsa non fu un fenomeno secondario.
Pag 207 Banca Riserva Federale taglia, dopo la crisi del 1929, troppo lentamente il tasso di sconto.
Pag 208 Ragione di ottusità: i decisori di politica monetaria reagiscono soprattutto non all'esperienza in corso, ma alla più rilevante delle precedenti.
Negli anni 30 la + viva dell'esperienze era l'inflazione durante la 1°guerra mondiale.
Pag 209 Joseph SChumpeter sosteneva che il sistema economico aveva bisogno della depressione per espellere i veleni. Sindrome da Fiducia: andare contro la teoria degli uomini d'affari anche quando
sbagliate incrina la fiducia degli investitori.
Pag 210 Herbert Hoover impreganto di questa sindrome.
Pag 212-213 Altra spinta deflazionistica era i fallimenti bancari.
Pag 215 La vita economica è una matrice dove la causa diventa conseguenza e la conseguenza diviene causa.
Pag 219 Ci furono conseguenze peggiori negli USA quando sparì il denaro che quando ce ne fu in abbondanza in Germania. Entrambi eventi lasciarono segno nei rispettivi paesi.
Pag 220-221 Nel 1933 creazione USA Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) con questo le banche migliori avrebbero dovuto assumersi la responsabilità dell'avventatezza delle banche peggiori.
Associazione delle banche sbagliato ingiusto, pericoloso ma questo provvedimento ha ottenuto mai più nessuna fila davanti ad una banca. PErchè fare fila se c'è assicurazione.
Pag 221 Anarchia sistema Bancario USA eliminata da FDIC.
Pag 225-228 La conferenza di Londra del 1933.
Pag 228 La sola differenza tra delegazione USA e UK è che gli inglesi sanno organizzare la loro confusione.
Pag 230 Il problema Roosvelt fa saltare la stabilizzazione delle valute con aggancio all'oro.
Pag 231 Secondo Irving Fisher Roosvelt teneva alla stabilità del dollaro e non alla stabilità dei cambi.
Pag 232 Keynes dice Roosvelt "ha spendidamente ragione" ma non è così facile ottenere aumenti di prezzi ed espansione della produzione.
Pag 232 John Stuart Mill nel 1848 i prezzi dipendono dall'offerta di moneta in relazione alla quantità di beni e servizi offerti. Per moneta si deve considerare anche i depositi bancari.
Pag 234 Fisher P = (MV+M'V')/T M per Moneta V per Velocità M' per depositi V' per velocità depositi T volume transazioni e P = livello dei prezzi
Pag 235 Fisher sostenitore del dollaro cOMPENSANTE invece di cambiare quantità di oro nelle monete si preferisce agire sul prezzo dell'oro ottenendo lo stesso risultato - oro nelle monete + monete in circolazione.
Pag 236 I radicali della teoria monetaria sono i conservatori in politica.
Pag 238 La politica di Warren non funzionò portò solo utili al tesoro le banche non avevano più moneta e non facevano più prestiti e non c'era inflazione.
Pag 240 La politica monetaria come una corda si poteva tirarla, ma non spingerla.
Pag 240 Primavera del 1937 aumento coefficiente riserva obbligatoria si riducono prestiti ai correntisti e si aumenta tasso d'interesse ma fu un errore.
Pag 241 L'offerta di moneta nei periodi bui conta pochissimo rispetto all'andamento dell'economia. L'idea è quindi rendere "obbligatorio" spendere la moneta e quindi fare una politica fiscale ispirata a Keynes.
Pag 244 Secondo la legge di Say al ricavo della vendita bisogna sottrarre costi, interesse e profitto in quantità sufficiente all'acquisto della stessa merce era impossibile che scarseggiasse il potere d'acquisto. Le fluttuazioni di prezzi, tassi d'interesse portavano al pieno impiego.
Pag 246 Prima di Keynes l'interesse è il prezzo che si paga alla gente perchè risparmi. Dopo Keynes l'interesse è quello che si ricava da impianti o meglio il prezzo da pagare per la preferenza alla liquidità. Keynes se gli sforzi per risparmiare erano superiori al desiderio d'investire ne derivava una carenza del potere d'acquisto cioè della domanda e di conseguenza della produzione.
Pag 247 Keynes sembrò un rivoluzionario ma era ortodosso quando dava poco peso ai sindacati e alle corporation e pensava di muoversi in uno schema di concorrezza perfetta.
Pag 248 Se Domanda cala qualcosa deve cedere o prezzi o produzione. Sicccome i prezzi sono sostenuti dalle corporation diminuisce la produzione che fa scendere occupazione. La disoccupazione è quindi l'elemento centrale delll'equilibrio Keynesiano.
Pag 249 Precursori di Keynes furono Malthus e J.A.Hobson che aveva affermato che le crisi erano dovuto ad eccesso di risparmi.
Pag 250 C.H.Douglas idea del social credit (reddito di cittadinanza)
Pag 251 Lauchiln Currie professore ad Harvard nel 1934 l'offerta e il controllo della moneta negli U.s.a che anticipava Keynes.
Pag 252 Hitler ingenti prestiti per combattere disoccupazione realizzando opere pubbliche.
Pag
Profile Image for Bill Chaisson.
169 reviews2 followers
April 16, 2020
I knew I didn't know anything about money, but this book certainly showed me the depth and breadth of my ignorance. John Kenneth Galbraith was an agricultural economist by training and at various times a journalist, government official, diplomat, and professor. All of those experiences are invoked in Money, a surprisingly funny book about the relationship between money and the economy.

It is somewhat ironic that a Keynesian would write a book about money, because as it turns out the distinguishing feature of Keynesian theory is that it doesn't think that monetary policy is useful to manage an economy. Galbraith spends the first 10 chapters of the book explaining what money is or can be, what banks are or can be, and then starts to recount the history of western Europe and the U.S. vis a vis the relationship between governments and money.

Galbraith makes some fascinating basic points again and again. He is not a believer in the gold standard, so it is repeatedly set up as a straw man, which then is knocked over for various reasons, mostly to do with the cupidity of the rich and powerful. Departures from the gold standard generally involve printing as much paper money as a government needs and one of the recurring reasons for this is political revolution. During the American, French, and Russian revolutions, the new governments printed all the money they needed to pay their bills. And it worked.

When there is more money available, prices rise, causing inflation. (When there are more bills in circulation, each one is worth less.) However, following a revolution there is a desperate need for production of goods (and services), which have to be paid for. The means of production require employees, so the trade off is between high inflation and low unemployment. Money isn't worth much, but almost everyone has some. Once there is sufficient production and exports have succeeded in bring more gold into the country, the banks can withdraw paper money from circulation, curb inflation, and cool off the economy. This leads to a decrease in prices, which makes sales of goods less remunerative. So, profits decline and folks are laid off. Unemployment rises as inflation declines.

Galbraith explains dynamic cycles like this very well replete with dry humor and with learned insults directed at suitably silly historical figures. He also makes notes of when the cycle goes off the tracks, as in the hyper-inflation during the Weimar period. He does not, however, define all of his terms. He assumes that everyone knows what a security is and what it means to "create deposits" in a bank. These days, with the internet at your elbow, you can just look this stuff up, but it will slow down your reading experience.

The point he is ultimately driving at is a political one. As a "post-Keynesian," Galbraith believes that fiscal policy trumps monetary policy. During World War II, he was in charge of wage and price controls for the Roosevelt administration. During the Depression, Keynes's theories had been put to work. It had been doing no good to print more money because no one wanted to borrow it and increase production; the business community was paralyzed. Therefore the government borrowed money and spent it in dozens of well known programs that put people to work and did everything from build infrastructure to create public art. Galbraith only reluctantly and obliquely acknowledges that this approach did not actually end the Depression, World War II did. But the use of government control over wages and prices during the war prevented inflation that had been associated with previous departures from the gold standard while still allowing full employment, which was so desperately needed.

Money was published in 1975, directly after the resignation of Richard Nixon. Galbraith is scathing in his evaluation of the Nixon administration, which he describes as returning to a monetarist approach that plunged the economy into both high inflation and high unemployment and then resorted to half-baked wage and price controls to try to bail themselves out. His overall lesson is that the government cannot passively stand by while the market runs the economy; it most take a proactive role by borrowing and spending in order to prevent both giddy peaks that immediately precede catastrophic falls and to ameliorate the consequences of falls caused by extra-economical circumstances, like war and ... pandemic.
2 reviews
February 27, 2021
At a time when central banks around the world are printing money on an industrial scale, and concerns around its supposed ill-effects are rampant, this book is very fun and important read. Like the other books of the author, this book is very easy to read and understand as far as you are interested in subject. Only a bare minimum understanding of economics is required to read and understand the book as the book is clearly written for layman. Galbraith is never verbose and uses simple and clear english instead of heavy words , something which no economist seems capable of today. The best part of the book is that it does not only tells you the underlying economic theories related to money and inflation but also the result when the theories were actually put into practice. And it is through historical evidence the book tries to give reader idea about usefulness of different economic theories in actual practice. Further , Galbraith does not endorse any particular ideology and ideas of everybody from Pigou to Keynes is critically evaluted from actual success or failure of their theories when they were put into practice. In the process Galbraith dispels a large number of myths, mostly promoted by those whose economic policies have failed, e.g. high inflation of 1970s were result of OPEC raising oil prices to very high level. This is a myth which Galbraith dispel by providing inflation data of relevant years to prove that inflation was rampant even before the price hike by OPEC.

Anybody who is concerned about matters of inflation and government debt etc. is recommended to read the book. Lastly, matters of economic policy and their success and failure can greatly affect employment prospect, income level and consequently life of ordinary people. Thus, ordinary people like me are better off with the understanding of these matters. Leaving such matters into the hands of economists may result in very grave consequences for ordinary people as proved by the years following 1929 and 2008.
April 4, 2022
No fooling, the author fascinated me from college days and the paperback title teased me from my bookshelf since that false start during grad school (Michigan State).

Now I was truly interested after reading some Keynes, and that carried me through the most complex economic parts to learn from Galbraith’s deep involvement with both the developing theory and then U S management of the economy with Keynesian concepts.

He effectively (if almost deceptively) keeps himself out of the story most of the way through the book, but comes clean mostly in the footnotes once he becomes a true part of the story.

In fact, he brings out the old line “most economists haven’t read Keynes though they wouldn’t probably admit it” when he casts aspersions on the poor readability of Keynes general theory.
Well, I don’t know. I think Keynes does pretty well alongside some of Galbraith’s crazy long sentences with enough commas to confuse even us who love ’em. And the long, convoluted, sardonic ones, sometimes even in the passive voice. I found myself pencilling in exclamation marks in my irrational exuberance (!!) after I finally realized Galbraith was putting down some bad idea or pompous individual.

Keynes competes very well, for example in the preface to his 1923 “A Tract on Monetary Reform.” The work is in fact a pretty good bare bones layout for that holy experiment—the next century’s birthing of a better system of international money management.

So I’m left with a good vibe from Galbraith’s “Money”. It faithfully detailed notable experiences of the increasingly complex financial management through history to near the end of his professional involvement. This generation must now rise to new challenges.
Profile Image for Nina.
307 reviews
February 14, 2023
This was very informative, though I didn’t like it quite as much as The Great Crash of 1929, as some of the concepts he describes were a bit over my head, making it a slog at times. It also felt like, to some extent, the author was more concerned with scoring political points against his adversaries in the Nixon administration (this was written in the 1970s) than he was in explaining the history of money. Nevertheless, it’s still a fairly good summation of the history of money in the US and the multitudinous blunders officials have made in fiscal and monetary policy over the years. Call it 3.5 stars rounded up to 4 because of the zingers Mr. Galbraith mischievously sprinkles around to add an element of humor to an otherwise dismal subject.

There is some evidence that undue association with money cultivates self-righteousness, political obtuseness and an unattractively pompous manner. - Chapter 7

Economists are economical, among other things, of ideas; most make those of their graduate days do for a lifetime. - Chapter 17

Keyserling suffered from the serious moral handicap of being a lawyer. - Chapter 18

There is reluctance in our time to attribute great consequences to human inadequacy—to what, in a semantically less cautious era, was called stupidity. We wish to believe that deeper social forces control all human action. - Chapter 21
Profile Image for Paul Szydlowski.
292 reviews5 followers
September 28, 2018
It is interesting reading a 1975 economic treatise on money in 2018, decades after the theories posited have had the chance to be proven (they were not, by a wide margin). Regardless when it was written, however, it is clear that "money" is a largely psychological construct, with its worth based not at all on what backs it nominally (gold, silver, beaver pelts or cigarettes). Instead, it is worth what it can purchase, and thus is backed solely by the goods and services that it can be traded for.

John Kenneth Galbraith, a Keynesian acolyte and member of the Kennedy administration, tries to argue for central planning of prices and production to ward off inflation and unemployment, both of which were considered problematic at the time this was written (Whip Inflation Now, anyone?), stating that monetary policy is worthless in affecting either. This, however, was proven absolutely false a mere seven years later, when Fed Chairman and Carter-appointee Paul Volcker raised interest rates to previously unheard of rates (30 year mortgages ran as high as 18%), thereby choking the inflationary beast and helping usher in a generation of minimal inflation and solid, if at times choppy, growth. It is rather satisfying to see such a highfalutin' know-it-all proven so decidedly wrong.

(And, yes, it took me 11 years to read this, having disappeared for almost a decade after I started it).
Profile Image for Tim.
138 reviews4 followers
January 12, 2023
This book was good in parts but suffered from too convoluted language on the part of the author who, to paraphrase, delighted in constructing complicated sentences when far simpler prose would have done the job. That said the detail was impressive and, consequently not without interesting historical revelations.
44 reviews
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October 30, 2023
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Profile Image for John Mondragon.
65 reviews
May 13, 2023
Deeply interesting and intelligent, but often perfunctory about complex questions. At a useful counter to the common sense of the current age.
Profile Image for Paul.
172 reviews17 followers
October 12, 2014
Un libro que te abre los ojos y esclarece tantas cosas sobre porque el mundo está como está. Para entender la situación nacional como la internacional.
Se ocupa de las lecciones del uso del dinero en la historia, los progenitores del dinero, el como empezaron a surgir los bancos, la forma en que actúa la gente que es dueña de estos bancos, y la actitud de desconfianza de la gente frente a los bancos. Los inicios del Banco de Inglaterra, el patrón oro, la historia del papel moneda, el rol de la plata y el oro en la guerra civil norteamericana, la especulación y los bancos, los precios en las crisis y después de ellas. El papel de J.P. Morgan y los Rockefeller en los asuntos de la banca.
Se narra como fueron los inicios del FED, detalles de su creación, los cambios de la economía internacional por la primera guerra mundial, la inflación en Alemania y la depresión en EE.UU. de 1920-1921.
Pero el quid de fondo es sobre el manejo de la economía estadounidense, la lucha entre conservadores que eran creyentes de una política monetaria y los que abogaban por una economía de control fiscal, cuyo representante fue Keynes. La primera le gustaba a los ricos porque daba estabilidad a la moneda y lo problemático era que no solucionaba el desempleo solo era un remedio no siempre seguro para la inflación, la segunda les incomodaba porque tenía el propósito de incrementar la producción y controlar precios y salarios, bajar impuestos y subirlos cuando fuera necesario (lo que más afectaba a los ricos).
De 1922 a 1929 hubo una etapa de bonanza que solo enriqueció a los más ricos y no hubo control por los bancos centrales de la especulación salvaje en la bolsa, lo que causó el colapso de 1929 y la Gran Depresión. Los conservadores con su política de dejar que se arregle el problema solo, que el gobierno intervenga lo menos posible, hizo que fuera la peor crisis del siglo en los EE.UU.. Tuvo que llegar Roosevelt con su New Deal, e intervenir en la economía para que se recupere, así empezó la era Keynes en que el país se recuperó y después de la 2da Guerra Mundial se pasaron 20 años controlando la economía y una era dorada para EE.UU. Cosa que acabó con el ingreso de Nixon y sus neoconservadores que dejaron la política de control fiscal que había funcionado muy bien, y empezaron con su política monetaria que agravó el desempleo, la subida de precios y el costo de vida. Y al subir los precios en EE.UU. afectó a todo el mundo.
Se podría decir que desenmascara a los que ahora se hacen llamar liberales (Milton Friedman y cía.), que solo son neoconservadores, herederos de los economistas de Nixon y los conservadores de los años 1920, que creen que cualquier acción de parte del Estado es mala, cuando eso es falso, ya que si el Estado no controla el mercado, este será dirigido por las corporaciones. Además de los resultados siempre negativos en la historia de adoptar una estricta política monetaria sin ver la realidad, solo en base a pronósticos o por creencias y fé en la política monetaria.
Profile Image for Procyon Lotor.
650 reviews104 followers
January 27, 2014
Finissima divulgazione economica di gran classe. Per tutti, soprattutto i non specialisti. Introduzione storica dove serve, talvolta eccessiva per proteggersi accademicamente, taglio pratico, regole spesso applicabili. Le quattro nature del danaro: misura dei prezzi e fondo di valore, strumento di pagamento e (derivando) riferimento per il credito, sono ben trattate senza l'inutile aura esoterica che caratterizza tanta cattiva divulgazione economica; non per caso si parte dall'incompleta ma generalmente vera citazione di John Stuart Mill che il valore del danaro � il valore dei beni offerti in vendita e viceversa. Incompleta perch� il danaro non viene creato simultaneamente coi beni ma da enti appositi, il che ha dato tanti vantaggi all'economia moderna e qualche problema ben illustrato qui. Si passa poi all'ascesa del keynesismo, accettato de facto appena in tempo, accademicamente in colpevole ritardo e - naturalmente - celebrato per troppi decenni scaduto il termine dell'applicabilit� efficace, e la teoria rivale, il monetarismo, della quale si dimostra quanto sia non molto di pi� di un comodo espediente per raccogliere finanziamenti per la ricerca in quanto quasi esclusivamente wishful thinking di governare l'economia attraverso la sua rappresentazione, quindi senza oneri o tasse e pure poca fatica, perenne sogno dei fessi, degli ignoranti ma pure dei troppo furbi. E la crisi? Si parla pure di quella, in sintesi a partire da un'altra utilissima citazione sempre del predetto JSM: "Panics do not destroy capital; they merely reveal the extent to which it has been previously destroyed by its betrayal into hopelessly unproductive works". Il risultato di secoli dove una cultura di chiacchiere autoreferenziali - funzionale al celare pi� che al disvelare - dilag� imbrigando la cultura del fare, fortunatamente oggi risorgente; � che il paese che invent� l'amministrazione finanziaria moderna con Luca Pacioli, la banca creatrice di moneta coi lombardi, fiorentini e senesi e pure il commercio internazionale moderno coi veneziani, per avere una buona divulgazione economico-finanziaria, � ridotto a importare libri. Giorno verr�.
Profile Image for Milloum.
14 reviews
June 14, 2011
Well, i'm french. and i'm no very big lover of economics.
I was drawn to this book because i thought it promised an interesting and accessible introduction to some tricky aspects of the central topic of economic theory: money. and to some extent i did.

But i got more than i bargained for. You see, JK Galbraith has adopted a historical approach to his subject, which works, since indeed, the intricacy of all things money-related has grown with the centuries.

And up until year 1776, it's all good. I might've had minor issues with the book up to then, but really, i was enjoying myself. But past the Declaration of Independance, what started as a monetary history of the world becomes a painfully detailed narrative of the Dollar.

Now, I don't mind a bit of american financial history; but JK Galbraith's retelling of the various ups and downs of the floating dollar vs gold standard argument all through the 19th and 20th centuries, with details of name, place, and date— well yeah, that does bore me.

I didnt even read up to Bretton Woods, which i guess is a shame. Maybe i will someday. But I think i'd rather hear the event, and all that followed, told by someone with a rather more international perspective.
Profile Image for Kressel Housman.
976 reviews240 followers
January 22, 2009
With all that's going on with the economy, I figured I owed it to myself to finally learn how money works. Rabbi Wein describes Galbraith's memoirs as "funny," and the flap copy on this book said that reading it would not be "a chore," so I figured this was the economics book for me.

After about 60 pages, I'm giving up. I can see that it's well-written and well-documented, but most of it is going over my head. I read a little about bank crises in Europe in the 1700's and the debate over gold standard to paper money, but if I had to take a test on this book, I'm sure I'd fail.

I'm disappointed to be proven to be such a lightweight. So I'm taking Galbraith's Name Dropping: From FDR On out of the library. Perhaps an historical memoir written by an economist is an easier way for me to digest the financial information I so sorely lack. And if not, there's always Dave Barry's Money Secrets.
Profile Image for Jun-Dai Bates-Kobashigawa.
54 reviews3 followers
September 17, 2007
A fascinating narrative about the history of money, mostly covering the last couple centuries, mostly in the US and Western Europe. Oddly enough this book reminded me very much of Eagleton's Introduction to Literary Criticism, probably because both work through history, pull out various ideas, and then proceed to point out everything that is wrong with them.
Profile Image for Erik Graff.
5,069 reviews1,233 followers
March 29, 2011
Although not assigned, I read this book alongside a bunch of other Galbraith books for Davud Schweickart's Capitalism, Democracy, Socialism class at Loyola University Chicago. Although a history of common currencies since antiquity and around the globe, it serves as a witty introduction to some basic concepts of economics.
Profile Image for Walter Souza.
21 reviews5 followers
February 27, 2013
I took this book plainly with no expectations. And I liked what I read. The history of the money and everything that the mankind already likewise used. It can be bothersome, but it depends on your eager to read about the subject. Maybe it is the kind of book that you feel that you got what you wanted before finish reading.
Anyway, assuredly it is a good book to explore the subject.
51 reviews
October 10, 2013
Plenty of interesting history, and lots of opportunities for economic thinking at all levels. Many of the topics seem accessible with little or no serious background. I also like that Gilbraith acknowledges areas in which others disagree with his conclusions. A lot of the discussion gets complicated and terse, though, so it can be tough going for a novice. Still, a worthwhile read.
Profile Image for Cody James Cummings.
125 reviews17 followers
October 15, 2013
"Well thought out and articulated. The language was a bit elevated, and sometimes it took a couple of rereadings to completely comprehend. The dry sarcasm was greatly appreciated. I definitely wouldn't recommend it for someone who does not have some kind of background in finance because the vernacular and assumed knowledge-base are at least at the level of a bachelors degree in finance."
Profile Image for Daniel Aguilar.
121 reviews32 followers
May 20, 2016
The initial introduction to the first forms of money in antiquity, as well as the creation of the first banks, was pretty interesting. However most of the book focuses on the history of the US Dollar, listing every single person, date, place and institution involved in the ups and downs of it. Probably it's just because I'm not the right audience for this book, but I found it terribly boring.
Profile Image for Víctor Segovia.
210 reviews18 followers
May 11, 2017
Es raro, el presente libro me pareció pesado con ganas; pero eso no le quita lo interesante ya que no todos los días se puede leer a un partidario de Keynes que sabe muy bien el fracaso al que lleva la doctrina monetarista y que tenga sus opiniones del banco central.
Eso si, no deja de ser interesante la historia del dinero y la evolución de algunos desastres económicos
316 reviews2 followers
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May 30, 2016
I saw a reference to this book and thus to understanding money, from where it came and where it went. But the book is not for me as I lost interest about 1/3 through. On to the next adventure. I'm sure it's a great book, but not for me, so I am choosing no stars.

Profile Image for Daniel.
Author 3 books1,294 followers
December 8, 2007
Why did we believe once in gold being money and then silver and now only paper?

Why can't we simply barter?

Galbraith tells us all the answers!

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