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Visual Complex Analysis

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FROM THE  

Please do NOT buy this original 1997 edition!  I have created a new, greatly improved (and cheaper!) edition, which was published on February 28th, 2023:

Visual Complex 25th Anniversary Edition (with a new Foreword by Roger Penrose)

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This radical first course on complex analysis brings a beautiful and powerful subject to life by consistently using geometry (not calculation) as the means of explanation. Aimed at undergraduate students in mathematics, physics, and engineering, the book's intuitive explanations, lack of advanced prerequisites, and consciously user-friendly prose style will help students to master the subject more readily than was previously possible. The key to this is the book's use of new geometric arguments in place of the standard calculational ones. These geometric arguments are communicated with the aid of hundreds of diagrams of a standard seldom encountered in mathematical works. A new approach to a classical topic, this work will be of interest to students in mathematics, physics, and engineering, as well as to professionals in these fields.

616 pages, Paperback

First published March 27, 1997

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Tristan Needham

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Displaying 1 - 30 of 32 reviews
Profile Image for Ezra.
28 reviews26 followers
September 30, 2010
i bought this book for like $76 at borders and i think the clerk thought i was insane (i suspected i was insane.) (clerk: "woah, that's an expensive book. what's it for?" "umm... for fun? i guess...???") buying shit is weird. i know i could get it on half.com for like 18.99 or whatever, but sometimes it just seems too fucked up to do that. i want someone, somewhere, to know that someone found this book browsing in a borders and immediately forked over the cash and walked out with it. things like this have value. affirming that value is at least as important as eating lunch at Togo's every day for five days. i feel the same way about buying music and crap, so whatever.

anyway, i got it because it instantly struck me as exactly what i needed right then. what better reason? the book is just what it says, which is more radical than it maybe seems at first glance: it is a course in complex analysis that is presented exclusively, doggedly even, from the standpoint of geometry. it kindof blew my mind. it's interesting to imagine (as the author does, in his introduction) that there was a time, before our modern concepts of mathematical "rigor" were really formulated, when enormous mathematical insights often arose from physical, spatial analogy, or equally "informal" means. what's fascinating is the idea of trying to recapture that kind of direct, intuitively guided reasoning. it is certainly not a very rigorous book; most of the "proofs" are informal geometric demonstrations; but i think it does its job: it convinces the reader of the intuitive "rightness" of mathematical truths that are very, very hard for most people to grasp at all; this is a very hard thing and i am duly impressed. dr needham makes no bones about his adherence to a philosophy that sez mathematical truths are TRUTHs in an absolute sense, "capturing aspects of a robust Platonic world that is not of our making," in stark contrast to the somewhat popularized Gödelian vision of mathematics as a rickety, self-referential structure of Relative Truths, which dovetails so nicely with the pseudo-postmodern philosophical and aesthetic pablum so lovingy spewed by art students and other priveledged twentysomethings desperately trying to forget their own consequences as a part of material reality... er, oops, i'm derailing...

um, i really like this. i could never imagine that such an approach to complex analysis would make so much sense, nor proceed with such clear logic. there are LOTS of exercises, which are quite varied, often difficult, and implicitly test one's (my) powers of computation to the utmost (in case you were worried by all the pretty pictures.)

it's hard for me to summarize this stuff much better. maybe a couple sample problems:

[ch. 1]
"by considering [geometrically?] the product (2+i)(3+i), show that (pi/4) = (arctan(1/2) + arctan(1/3))."

[ch. 2]
"the mapping z->(z^3) acts on an infinitesimal shape and the image is examined. it is found that the shape has been rotated by pi, and its linear dimensions expanded by 12. where was the shape originally located? (there are 2 possibilities.)"

[ch. 10]
"show both algebraically and geometrically that the streamlines of the vector field z^2 are circles that are tangent to the real axis at the origin. explain why the same must be true of the vector field 1/(bar(z)^2)."

fun!

and of course, the illustrations are AWESOME.

Profile Image for DJ.
317 reviews246 followers
October 1, 2010
From a blog post I wrote just after picking this book up:

"Sweet Feynman has it been a fun last couple days! I picked up Tristan Needham’s Visual Complex Analysis from the University of Waterloo library and this book has reminded me why I fell in love with math as a wee lad. The book’s pedagogical approach is to teach math the way mathematicians actually think about it – visually. Needham’s book is chock full of nifty pictures of Riemann spheres, conformal mappings, branches, and more. Complex analysis is an absolutely beautiful subject when couched in geometric terms and is accessible to anyone with a bit of calculus under their belt.

This was also a change of approach to learning for me. Usually, I get generally interested in a subject, pick a textbook, and read it cover to cover, doing the problems as I go. This time, however, my explorations in complex analysis were motivated by a very specific research application, so I dove right into the middle of the book to extract the particular pieces I needed.

I’ve noticed that I seem to learn much more quickly with an application in mind like this. Further investigations are needed, but this might hint at a more efficient and productive approach to learning for me – first, find a particular problem that requires the tools I'm interested in and then, go off and learn them. This is fun because every new topic I stumble upon in Needham’s book gives me new insights into the problem I’m working on."
Profile Image for Amar Pai.
960 reviews101 followers
May 20, 2016
Really great book... the closest I've come to actually 'getting' complex analysis.

Basic operations like complex multiplication are clearly explained in terms of vector diagrams. Hyperbolic geometry, the Riemann sphere, the winding theorem and other topics really make a lot more sense explained in an intuitive visual manner. Needham created all the illustrations himself using CorelDRAW, LaTex and the complex graphing program f(z) (http://www.lascauxsoftware.com/). They are very nicely done and often quite elaborate. One gets the sense that a book like this wouldn't have been possible in an earlier era, as the tools allowing an author to generate hundreds of complex mathematical images did not yet exist.

No, the book's not always rigorous in its proofs, but to quote Needham from the book's preface:
My book will no doubt be flawed in many ways of which I am not yet aware, but there is one "sin" that I have intentionally committed, and for which I shall not repent: many of the arguments are not rigorous, at least as they stand. This is a serious crime if one believes that our mathematical theories are merely elaborate mental constructs, precariously hoisted aloft. Then rigour becomes the nerve-racking balancing act that prevents the entire structure from crashing down around us. But suppose one believes, as I do, that our mathematical theories are attempting to capture aspects of a robust Platonic world that is not of our making. I would then contend that an initial lack of rigour is a small price to pay if it allows the reader to see into this world more directly and pleasurably than would otherwise be possible."
If you've only seen traditional complex analysis textbooks, this style of exposition will come as quite the revelation. Needham really does a great job of it. I'd love to see future editions in 'e-book' style with animated/interactive versions of some of the diagrams in text (put it on an iPad and integrate w/ f(z)!)

I borrowed this book from a friend but ended up having to purchase it, cos I anticipate coming back to this over the years. Something to be savored at leisure.
Profile Image for Blair.
122 reviews88 followers
February 21, 2022
The author opens by asking us to imagine being expected to learn to read and write musical scores, but “music must never be listened to or performed.” So why then, he asks, do we have an unwritten law: “Mathematics must not be visualized!"

“Visual” means the author seeks to give a geometrical interpretation as often as possible. There is an average of at least one diagram per page. He does not hesitate to re-draw a slightly modified figure so that you can see it while reading the text, rather than the usual “refer to Figure 6.2.5 which is somewhere ten pages back and by the time you find it you will have forgotten what it was for.”

I am probably at the lower end of mathematical knowledge of those who can hope to benefit from this book. Visualization really helps. This is by far the best math book I have ever read. From what I have read elsewhere, Real Analysis is real hard – something about epsilons being smaller than deltas. One might think that would be a prerequisite to a book about Complex Analysis, but that was not the case.

Do not get the idea that this is a popular simplification. For example, there is no mention of the ever-popular Mandelbrot set. Each chapter ends with a set of exercises, most of which are an excuse to extend the material in this already long book. I can do a few of them, and understand the answers to a few more. Sometimes I don’t even understand the question. If this were a course, I would get hammered.

Here is the most useful part of this review: The book does not provide answers to the questions, but they are available on an excellent volunteer website: https://sites.google.com/site/vascopr...
This was crucial to help me learn the material by doing rather than just reading.

Chapter One alone is worth the price of the book. Supposedly a brief reminder about the basics of complex numbers, it really teaches us the basic math we should know but did not learn in school. For example, he shows us the power of understanding rotations and translations to solve otherwise difficult geometry problems. We learn the relationship between vector dot and cross product as two sides of a right angle triangle on the complex plane. But all that is just a warm-up for a complete re-imagining of Euclidean geometry (the study of those properties of geometric figures that are invariant under the group of similarities), developed by Felix Klein back in 1872.

I have barely made it half way through this book, and maybe I never will complete it. Instead, I keep re-visiting the first few chapters. I would be curious to know if a more accomplished mathematician thinks this book is as good as I do.
3 reviews
April 24, 2008
It's rare that I would post a book like this as a recommended read. Clearly, it is not one for everybody. But it is, hands-down, the most engaging and delightful mathematics book I have ever encountered.

Needham likens modern mathematics to a hypothetical world where scholars study, discuss, and produce musical scores, but are never willing to play the music. In fact, the playing of music is suspect, somehow beneath the dignity of scholarly music. It doesn't take any effort to see how tragic this would be. Needham claims, and I think shows, that a similar thing has happened in mathematics.

Math has taken this attitude; the need for rigorous proof has driven illustration and picture-drawing out in favor of abstraction and exactness. Needham hardly argues against the need for rigor. But he argues, rightly I think, that the mind is fed, and the intuition prepared, by visual arguments. Visual beauty provides the motivation for the rigor that must come. Visual arguments can hint at where rigor must go.

Whether this is a valid path for mathematics as a discipline, I am not qualified to answer. But it is quite possible for someone with a background in typical, utilitarian higher math (by which I mean calculus through differential equations) to see vistas far more stunning and deep than one might have guessed existed. Needham's book can do that for complex analysis, with effort on the part of the reader.

Ultimately, for a non-mathematician like myself, mathematics has to be either beautiful visually, or very useful, or I have no choice but ignore it. Needham shows in this delicious book just how beautiful and useful complex analysis is.
Profile Image for Tinwerume.
67 reviews10 followers
May 25, 2021
It does quite a good job at what it's trying to do: present easy geometric intuitions for complex analysis. There's lots of pictures and they're usually relevant and understandable.

As a standalone complex analysis textbook, I don't think it's very good, mostly because it's extremely slow.

Chapter 2 (which covers many common complex functions) is well worth reading in full. The rest I would recommend as a companion to a more focused book.
Profile Image for Nemo.
41 reviews5 followers
April 27, 2016
Found on Penrose's "Road to Reality" Bibliography.
I needed this book as a primer to non-euclidian geometry and complex integration.
Above all, you'll love how it feels when the author really wants that you really understand a so advanced topic.
Profile Image for Kaung Si Thu.
6 reviews1 follower
June 2, 2019
As someone who was introduced to the complex analysis by this book, I highly recommend this book even for a beginner (You need to have some grasp on Calculus but I assume everyone who is trying to touch this whole topic would have done this prerequisite.) The illustrations, explanations, and examples all go in an excellent presentation style. You can ignore the exercise to understand the fundamental concepts. But when u do, make sure to give time to have a deep overall understanding. (Sometimes they might require brute-force calculations but a lot of time, you can just look at the problem and see the answer; i.e., impress yourself with your improvement after this book.)
Profile Image for Nishant Pappireddi.
194 reviews8 followers
August 22, 2014
I got this book because I was promised geometrically intuitive explanations of the results in a standard Complex Analysis course, and I was not disappointed! Almost every result the author stated was "proved" with a readily understandable geometric argument, which gave me a lot of intuition about why the results are true. Of course, the proofs were not rigorous, but that's what a Complex Analysis class is for.

Many other people have said that one should read this book only after completing a Complex Analysis course, but I don't think this is necessary: I read this book without taking a Complex Analysis class and after taking a rather poor Real Analysis class. In fact, I think this book is best as a supplement to a more rigorous class, since then one can get both intuition and rigor; the former helps a lot in understanding the theorems and applying complex numbers to geometry.
Profile Image for Ronald Lett.
219 reviews52 followers
May 12, 2011
A beautiful exposition of the geometry behind complex analysis and topology! Assuming you have already been exposed to complex calculus, the great connections made in this text with modern geometry, topology and algebra will solidify your work with complex numbers as a geometrical language.
Profile Image for Myat Thura Aung.
83 reviews17 followers
October 4, 2021
"Lastly, I thank my dearest wife Mary. During the writing of this book she allowed me to pretend that science was the most important thing in life; now that the book is over, she is my daily proof that there is something even more important."

pro-gamer move
Profile Image for Yasuhiko.
16 reviews
August 4, 2011
This book allows me to think and use complex analysis! Visual image is very useful for human to think.
Profile Image for Tom Schulte.
3,088 reviews65 followers
May 18, 2020
This is an engaging and clear introduction to complex analysis with a focus on visual display and easily followed consideration of translations, rotations, scaling and similar transformations of shape, orientation, and location. This is not an introductory text, so the author recommends reading first or having on hand Complex Analysis. I think this itself goes nicely with Spherical Geometry and Its Applications.
Profile Image for Magnolia.
18 reviews55 followers
May 1, 2024
I'm fully aware that giving a five star rating to a math textbook is somewhat silly but I genuinely think this is an amazing book. Needham's approach to complex analysis is an exploration through wild geometry and other worlds, filled with intelligent ants, aliens that live on the hyperbolic plane and genuine beauty. It's the kind of book that shows the intrinsic beauty and incredible power of pure math, as well as just how cool it can be.
Profile Image for Bob Woodley.
232 reviews2 followers
January 2, 2019
A visual introduction to one of the most beautiful parts of mathematics: complex analysis. Written before the glory days of computer graphics, which mean the author had to come up with meaningful diagrams and schematics.

Such insights. This book had a huge influence on my work for 2 years following reading it.

And I still have a chapter or 2 to go. Who knows when I'll get back to it.
Profile Image for Julius Zhang.
2 reviews
August 11, 2018
This is the most enjoyable maths textbook that I have read.

The texts provided with the numerous illustrations offer an easy, intuitive introduction to complex analysis. With that said, most theorems in a first year complex analysis course are covered and I found it really helpful to follow up with a more traditional textbook on the details of the proofs.
Profile Image for Jake.
199 reviews39 followers
May 19, 2016
"The Divine Spirit found a sublime outlet in that wonder of analysis, that portent of the ideal world, that amphibian between being and not-being, which we call the imaginary root of negative unity. " ~ Leibniz

As a undergraduate calculus student who hasn't taken his first contour integral, I must admit that I bit off more than I can chew with this book. That said if you aren't in over your head, how will you ever know how tall you are? As I approached the boundaries of my current knowledge with this book it gave me a lot of ideas on how to approach problems in new ways and I really appreciate the insights Needham gave me in such a short span of a mere two chapters. Using computers as a laboratory really makes me approach math in a different way than I had previously. Math for most of my academic career has been running a gauntlet, but opening up Mathematica and exploring these functions is really fucking cool. I particularly liked this example of the geometric series in chapter two. Such a simple instructional example of what is going on with that function and it answered many questions I had in my Calculus 3 course I took last winter. I plan on coming back to this book in the future, and might update this review then. As a CS major I have not run into any need for complex numbers and have more pressing subjects to read about at the moment.

(Review of the first two chapters)
Profile Image for Bernard.
8 reviews
February 1, 2016
This is a fantastic book on complex analysis, especially if you're more of a visual learner like I am. I highly recommend this to anyone interested in complex analysis, whether you'll be actively reading it or keeping it as a reference. Pair this with a book on the applications of complex variables to get the most out of it.
November 26, 2008
Great way to approach complex analysis. I am not reading this book linearly, but rather using it to enhance my knowledge of complex analysis. A standard text in complex analysis is a good complement.
238 reviews
February 12, 2011
This book is amazingly well written. The presentation is beautiful. The ideas are well presented and easy to understand, but nontrivial and deep. I cannot imagine how an introductory book on complex analysis can be better written. I'll have to read it again sometime.
Profile Image for Edwin.
2 reviews4 followers
July 16, 2012
This book is a gem. If you want a feel for complex analysis and want to experience the motivation behind some fuzzy concepts that are introduced in terse texts, then this book is for you. This book will show you the beauty that is complex analysis.
Profile Image for Adam Lantos.
48 reviews7 followers
August 23, 2018
A book whose purpose is to provide the reader with much needed intuition for complex analysis through visual representations of the material. It's the best supplement for any complex analysis books out there because it is mostly useful in understanding what the hell you are actually learning/doing. The only proofs here are the ones that are not lengthy and contribute to the understanding. This book is a gem for everybody who wants to build some intuition on complex analysis but it should not be thought of as a main textbook that can be used for a complex analysis course (either on the pure math side or the applied math side); it works best as a supplement that's there to deepen the reader's understanding.
It contains helpful graphs and figures, offers explanations on nearly every concept that it tries to teach the reader and it's full of applications from physics and engineering. It does not shy away from more "abstract" applications like Quantum Mechanics, which is another one of its strong points. Furthermore, most of the applications are carefully chosen so that they contributes mathematically and intuitively.
Profile Image for Gia-Bao.
3 reviews1 follower
October 8, 2020
This is a great and gentle guide to complex analysis. The informal writing, story-telling approach to mathematics hints that this book is aimed towards undergraduate students, distinguishing itself from dry and rigorous arguments in standard textbooks. I enjoyed studying this book and it certainly helped me understand what I sought to learn. However, in order to read this book fluently and to truly appreciate Needham's vivid presentation of the subject matter, one should already possess some prior knowledge in complex analysis, or are mathematically mature enough. That is to say, I will have to peruse the book at least one more time.
Profile Image for Anthony O'Connor.
Author 4 books25 followers
December 14, 2022
good book probably. but this kindle edition is rubbish

This looks like a good book from what I could make if it. A deeper geometric/visual look at the basics of complex analysis. Showing some (to me) unknown and unsuspected relationships.
Unfortunately the digitised version is a scrambly mess. Whoever did this couldn’t have cared less. Atrociously formatted, pictures and equations mostly mangled beyond belief. The result is just about unreadable. All I could do was scan through it picking out a few bits with much general disappointment. But I am definitely getting a paper version. Looks good.
1 review
April 29, 2021
Delightful geometric survey of a difficult technical field. I don't know if I would say that it's a good beginning text - I learned in my undergraduate from Brown and Churchill's "Complex Variables and Applications" - but it provides wonderfully illustrated insight into the theory of complex analysis, including the bit I needed to refresh myself on regarding Riemann surfaces.
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