Jump to ratings and reviews
Rate this book

From Wealth to Power: The Unusual Origins of America's World Role

Rate this book
What turns rich nations into great powers? How do wealthy countries begin extending their influence abroad? These questions are vital to understanding one of the most important sources of instability in international the emergence of a new power. In From Wealth to Power , Fareed Zakaria seeks to answer these questions by examining the most puzzling case of a rising power in modern history--that of the United States.


If rich nations routinely become great powers, Zakaria asks, then how do we explain the strange inactivity of the United States in the late nineteenth century? By 1885, the U.S. was the richest country in the world. And yet, by all military, political, and diplomatic measures, it was a minor power. To explain this discrepancy, Zakaria considers a wide variety of cases between 1865 and 1908 when the U.S. considered expanding its influence in such diverse places as Canada, the Dominican Republic, and Iceland. Consistent with the realist theory of international relations, he argues that the President and his administration tried to increase the country's political influence abroad when they saw an increase in the nation's relative economic power. But they frequently had to curtail their plans for expansion, he shows, because they lacked a strong central government that could harness that economic power for the purposes of foreign policy. America was an unusual power--a strong nation with a weak state. It was not until late in the century, when power shifted from states to the federal government and from the legislative to the executive branch, that leaders in Washington could mobilize the nation's resources for international influence.


Zakaria's exploration of this tension between national power and state structure will change how we view the emergence of new powers and deepen our understanding of America's exceptional history.

216 pages, Paperback

First published March 1, 1998

Loading interface...
Loading interface...

About the author

Fareed Zakaria

45 books1,023 followers
Fareed Zakaria was named editor of Newsweek International in October 2000, overseeing all Newsweek's editions abroad. The magazine reaches an audience of 24 million worldwide. He writes a regular column for Newsweek, which also appears in Newsweek International and fortnightly in the Washington Post. He also hosts an international affairs program, Fareed Zakaria GPS, which airs Sundays worldwide on CNN.

Zakaria was the managing editor of Foreign Affairs, the widely-circulated journal of international politics and economics. He is the author of several books, including The Future of Freedom, which was a New York Times bestseller and has been translated into 20 languages. His new book, The Post American World, was published in May 2008 and became an instant best-seller.

Zakaria has won several awards for his columns and cover-essays, in particular for his October 2001 Newsweek cover story, "Why They Hate Us." In 1999, he was named "one of the 21 most important people of the 21st Century" by Esquire magazine. In 2007, he was named one of the 100 leading public intellectuals in the world by Foreign Policy and Prospect magazines. He has received honorary degrees from many universities. He serves on the board of Yale University, The Council on Foreign Relations, The Trilateral Commission, and Shakespeare and Company.

He received a B.A. from Yale and a Ph.D. in political science from Harvard. He lives in New York City with his wife, son and two daughters.

Ratings & Reviews

What do you think?
Rate this book

Friends & Following

Create a free account to discover what your friends think of this book!

Community Reviews

5 stars
40 (22%)
4 stars
69 (39%)
3 stars
49 (28%)
2 stars
14 (8%)
1 star
2 (1%)
Displaying 1 - 13 of 13 reviews
Profile Image for Mounir.
340 reviews615 followers
February 10, 2018
المؤلف فريد زكريا صحفي أمريكي من أصل هندي، كان والده سياسيا في حزب المؤتمر الهندي ودارسا لعلم الكلام الإسلامي، وكانت والدته رئيسة تحرير جريدة "سنداي تايمز أوف إينديا". وفي سن 28 سنة أصبح محررا لمجلة "فورين أفيرز" وتحت إشرافه تطورت المجلة وأصبحت تصدر كل شهرين بدلا من كل 3 شهور. وله برنامج حواري أسبوعي على قناة سي إن إن يستضيف فيه سياسيين مهمين وشخصيات عامة، كما أنه يكتب مقالا أسبوعيا بجريدة واشنطن بوست. وكان قد اتهم عدة مرات ب"الإقتباس" من مصادر أخرى دون الإشارة إلى هذه المصادر، وأوقف عن الكتابة لمدة أسبوع، وتمت تحقيقات في هذا الموضوع، ولكنه عاد إلى الكتابة بعد ذلك

في هذا الكتاب - الذي كان في الأصل رسالته للدكتوراه - يناقش المؤلف فترة مهمة في تاريخ الولايات المتحدة: من نهاية الحرب الأهلية الأمريكية عام 1865 إلى قرب نهاية ولاية الرئيس الأمريكي تيودور روزفلت عام 1908. وقد اختار هذه الفترة لسببين:
- الولايات المتحدة تطورت بسرعة خلال هذه الفترة سياسيا واقتصاديا وأصبحت في نهايتها من أغنى وأقوى دول العالم
- في الجزء الأول من هذه الفترة استمرت الولايات المتحدة على انعزالها عن العالم ورفضها للتدخل والتوسع مثل غيرها من القوى الأوربية الغنية والقوية، ثم ابتداء من تسعينات القرن التاسع عشر تحولت سياستها الخارجية إلى سياسة عدوانية توسعية.
والكتاب يناقش أسباب هذا التحول ويناقش النظريات المختلفة التي تحاول الإجابة عن سؤال مهم: لماذا تميل الدول الغنية إلى التوسع خارجيا؟ والمقصود بالتوسع ليس فقط احتلال أو ضم بلاد أو أراضي أخرى، إنما أيضا النفوذ السياسي والدبلوماسي والقدرة على التدخل في شئون الدول الأخرى. ويقول أن هناك نظريتان
1- الواقعية التقليدية: تقول أن الدول الغنية تتوسع خارجيا لأنها لا بد أن تفعل ذلك من منطلق إحساسها بالتفوق والسيطرة ولأنها تحتاج إلى أسواق خارجية وما إلى ذلك
2- الواقعية الدفاعية: تقول أن الدول تبدأ في التوسع وضم الأراضي عندما تشعر بالتهديد وذلك لكي تحمي نفسها

والمؤلف يحبذ ويدلل على النظرية الأولى بالنسبة للفترة التي يتحدث عنها ويفند النظرية الثانية بأمثلة كثيرة من التاريخ الفعلي لهذه الفترة، ويشير بالذات إلى أن حجة "الشعور بالتهديد والحاجة إلى الأمن" هي حجة مطاطة للغاية ويمكن بمنتهى السهولة إساءة استخدامها، وأنه عندما تدعي دولة ما أنها تتوسع في الخارج "دفاعا عن أمنها القومي" فإنها تفعل ذلك فقط لأن البديل الوحيد عن ذلك هو الاعتراف بنزعتها الإمبريالية والتوسعية

يناقش الكتاب أيضا الصراع المزمن بين الرئيس الأمريكي وبين الكونجرس؛ حيث كان الكونجرس في فترة الانعزال الأولى يرفض أي ميل للتوسع خارج البلاد، ويرى أن الأمور الخارجية من اختصاصاته لدرجة جعلت الرئيس مجرد منفذ لسياسات الكونجرس. ثم مع الوقت استطاع الرؤساء بالتدريج السيطرة على الموقف، وأصبح الرئيس وجهازه التنفيذي هم السلطة الفعلية، ومن وقتها زادت النزعة التوسعية والعدوانية خاصة مع تيودور روزفلت

ما لفت نظري في هذا الكتاب هو كمية "البجاحة" والغطرسة التي يمكن أن تتصف بها قوة عظمى، وهو ما يدفعها إلى التجاهل التام لرغبات أو أمن الدول والكيانات الأصغر من حولها. وكما اعتبرت بريطانيا مثلا أن من حقها احتلال واستنزاف الهند، ثم احتلال واستنزاف مصر من أجل "تأمين الطريق إلى الهند" (!!) ثم احتلال السودان لتأمين احتلالها لمصر (!!!!!)، ووصل بها الأمر إلى احتلال شريط كامل من أقصى شمال أفريقيا لأقصى جنوبها - بنفس الطريقة، اعتبرت الولايات المتحدة أن نصف الكرة الغربي هو ملعبها الخاص الذي لا يجب أن يشاركها فيه أحد، بل أنها طردت أسبانيا من مستعمراتها، خاصة في كوبا. وتمكنت قبل ذلك من ضم ألاسكا، وبعد ذلك بفترة ضمت جزر هاواي في منتصف المحيط الهادي

بل إن المؤلف يحكي أن "سيوارد" وزير خارجية أمريكا الداهية أخذ يقنع نفسه أو الآخرين بأن جزيرة كوبا لم تتكون إلا من الرمال التي ينزحها نهر المسيسيبي من ضفتيه أثناء جريانه إلى الجنوب ويلقي بها في خليج المكسيك، وأنها لذلك ليست إلا أرضا أمريكية. وكان سيوارد باستمرار يحاول ضم كل الجزر والدول الصغيرة في أمريكا الوسطى والبحر الكاريبي، بل أنه كان يخطط لضم جرينلاند وأيسلند !! ولم ينجح أثناء ولايته إلا في ضم ألاسكا التي اشترتها من روسيا ب5 ملايين دولار، حيث أن روسيا لم تكن تريد تلك الأرض القاحلة الشاسعة التي لم تكن تستفيد منها

كتاب مهم لفهم كيف تفكر الدول القوية والغنية في الدول الصغيرة والكحيانة
Profile Image for Rekha.
858 reviews
May 5, 2009
3.5 stars, really.

This is a book-version of Zakaria's dissertation, so be forewarned. Still, it's not the most dry thing in the world, especially if this sort of thing floats your boat.

Zakaria examines the question of why nations expand by looking at what happened in the US in the late 19th century. Part history text and part international relations text, Zakaria argues that neither realism (nations expand because they can) nor defensive realism (nations expand because they perceive that they are threatened) can fully answer his question. Instead, he discusses state-centered realism, which takes into account that economic power needs to align with political will/power.

Is anyone reading this review? I thought not.
Profile Image for GeekChick.
194 reviews13 followers
Want to read
August 13, 2008
I started reading this book a while back, but it wasn't the right time (I was in the mood for something more brain-candyish). Now that I've begun it again, it seems more obvious to me that this is Fareed's dissertation. Not that that's a bad thing -- it's just stylistically different from what I remember of his book on Illiberal Freedom.

Fareed can do no wrong. I am sure once I get past the stage-setting (political theory) section in the beginning, I will be captured by the story of how the US moved into a position of world dominance. I don't mean to make the beginning sound boring -- it's not -- it's just that Fareed has some stiff competition from the other books I'm reading concurrently.

Fareed rocks! Check out his show GPS on CNN Sundays (1pm Eastern, 10am Pacific).
Profile Image for Abu.
4 reviews
August 3, 2011
After reading "The Post American World" by the same author I went out to look for another of his books. From "Wealth to power" happed to be my secon one!



Zakaria explains why America became a world power in the "unusual," halting, delayed manner that it did. This book puts the events of 1898 and the diplomacy of Teddy Roosevelt in a fascinating light. He restores the fame and reputation of one of the great American statesmen -- William Henry Seward. It's *very* well written with interesting, well chosen anecdotes.
1 review2 followers
March 8, 2011
This book grew out of Fareed Zakaria's doctoral dissertation. It displays the breadth and depth of his scholarship in international politics, political history and political theory. It also showcases his tremendous talent for good, lucid, compelling prose, which I think is a big part of his appeal. Since I'm writing this review about a year after actually reading the book, I'll have to go back to it to produce any more specific commentary.
January 21, 2015
Fareed Zakaria provided a new approach in realism which he called "state-centered realism." He, throughout the book ,proved that state-centered realism was more effective in predicting America's foreign policy from 1865-1903 than Defensive realism .
1,410 reviews20 followers
July 30, 2008
This book uses several popular political science theories to explain the rise to prominence of the United States in the late 19th century. The author's conclusion is that the growing internal power of the American state led to a greater role for the country abroad. The book provides both an interesting history of the United States in the period between the Civil War and World War II, and an important test case for several theories of state growth. However, I would only recommend this book to someone with a background in political science, because the writing is very dense and assumes a familiarity with the source material.
Profile Image for Wilson Mui.
58 reviews
April 4, 2013
Very dry. Basically a thesis paper. A significant amount of time was spent on explaining what factors didn't spur the transition the US took from a great economic power to a political one, and it wasn't until probably around 40 pages that Zakaria started talking about the factors that did cause this.

This is much drier than most of Zakaria's more popular, layman's work. I still enjoyed the topic, but it's more like reading a Special Report in the Economist than listening to an interview on Charlie Rose.
Profile Image for Jeffrey Mervosh.
341 reviews
February 14, 2008
Well, if you are going to read a book on IR theory from the realist perspective, this would probably not be a bad one to choose. It offers some well-guided criticisms of classical realism and shifts focus to domestics constraints on action (such as the unwillingness of Congress to project American power abroad), but really fails (in my mind) to salvage realism from the problems it faces in a post-Cold War world.
3 reviews
September 25, 2008
In this book Fareed Zakaria provides a compelling argument that links the growth and expansion of nations with the nation's wealth and the centralization of power.
Profile Image for Dustin.
97 reviews2 followers
August 24, 2013
A lot of academic jargon here. Zakaria is one of my favorite authors, but this isn't his best work.
Profile Image for Carl.
124 reviews15 followers
August 3, 2012
Not quite the insight of Chomsky, but Zakaria is one of the most nuanced observers of foreign policy living today.
Displaying 1 - 13 of 13 reviews

Can't find what you're looking for?

Get help and learn more about the design.