J.D. Salinger (The Catcher in the Rye), Harper Lee (To Kill a Mockingbird) and Sylvia Plath (The Bell Jar) all published one novel each. Another member of the First Novel/ Last Novel club is astronomer, Pulitzer Prize winning author of Cosmos and science communicator Carl Sagan, whose foray into fiction was Contact, published in 1985. I gave the book a lot of latitude, not only for Sagan's potential shortcomings with character and dialogue, but for hopes that the novel could live up to the engaging 1997 film adaptation starring Jodie Foster. I like the movie a lot more than the book, though the DNA of what made the film so emotionally compelling is still here, hidden like numerals in π.
In 1999, Dr. Ellie Arroway--graduate Cum Laude from Harvard, with a doctorate in radio astronomy from Cal Tech--is director of Project Argus, an array of 131 radio telescopes in the scrub brush of New Mexico, studying quasar evolution, binary pulsars and the chromospheres of nearby stars by listening to radio emissions. Through public support for SETI (Search for Extraterrestrial Life), the facility is also scanning the cosmos for alien civilizations. Ellie's graduate advisor, famed radio astronomer Dr. David Drumlin, lectures Ellie that she should be devoting resources to practical science instead of "pandering to UFO kooks and comic strips and weak-minded adolescents."
Inspired by a radio astronomer from Cal Tech named Peter Valerian, Ellie remains fascinated by the challenge of detecting intelligent life beyond the stars. She considers resistance to the possibility of extraterrestrial life to be the domain of kooks. In absence of evidence, she has faith in the unseen.
So why had we received no signal? Could Dave possibly be right? No extraterrestrial civilizations anywhere? All those billions of worlds going to waste, lifeless, barren? Intelligent beings growing up only in this obscure corner of an incomprehensibly vast universe? No matter how valiantly she tried, Ellie couldn't make herself take such a possibility seriously. It dovetailed perfectly with human fears and pretensions, with unproved doctrines about life-after-death, with such pseudosciences as astrology. It was the modern incarnation of the geocentric solipsism, the conceit that had captured our ancestors, the notion that we were the center of the universe. Drumlin's argument was suspect on these grounds alone. We wanted to believe it too badly.
Argus receives a set of moving pulses transmitting at 9.2 gigahertz from Vega, a debris strewn system only twenty-six light years from Earth. Ellie and the technicians rule out malfunction, military or commercial interference or a prank. The signal is broken into a series of prime numbers which dramatically rules out celestial phenomenon. Ellie quickly shares her discovery with the world astronomical community, bypassing the National Science Foundation. In addition to Drumlin, who goes from skeptic to true believer, the multitudes who descend on New Mexico include the President's Science Advisor Kenneth der Heer and Assistant Secretary of Defense Michael Kitz.
While Kitz remains wary of sharing the discovery with the rest of the world, Ken is supportive of Ellie. Working closely together, Ellie and Ken ultimately develop a romantic relationship. Drumlin decrypts enough of the signal to determine there's a picture there. The facility breaks down the signal and to their shock, find a television broadcast of Adolph Hitler speaking at the opening ceremonies of the 1936 Olympic Games in Berlin. Summoned to the White House to debrief the (female) president, Ken explains that the German signal was the first television broadcast of moderate power transmitted from Earth and that the Vegans are simply acknowledging us back.
Ellie advises the president that she's discovered blocks of non-repeating information coming in under the signal that might take decades to process. Due to Vega setting in other countries throughout the day, partnership with the world community--Australia, China, India, the Soviet Union, the Middle East, Western Europe--is vital. Arriving at New Mexico is Soviet astrophysicist Vasily Lunacharsky ("Vaygay"), a colleague of Ellie's. Also striking camp in the desert are the press and hundreds of spectators, hucksters and religious nuts, each with their own theories and expectations of what contact from extraterrestrials will portend for humanity.
Zealotry, fanaticism, fear, hope, fervent debate, quiet prayer, agonizing reappraisal, exemplary selflessness, close-minded bigotry, and a zest for dramatically new ideas were epidemic, rushing feverishly over the surface of the tiny planet Earth. Slowly emerging from this mighty ferment, Ellie thought she could see, was a dawning recognition of the world as one thread in a vast cosmic tapestry. Meanwhile, the Message itself continued to resist attempts at decryption. On the vilification channels, protected by the First Amendment, she, Vaygay, der Heer and to a lesser extent Peter Valerian were being castigated for a variety of offenses, including atheism, communism, and hoarding the Message for themselves.
While preliminary findings suggest that the Message may be instructions for Earth to build some sort of Machine and debate ensues on whether or not to build it, Ellie is contacted by Palmer Joss, spiritual advisor to several presidents, a populist theologian less interested in control of the Message than he is in the moral development of the scientists speaking on behalf of mankind. Young and charismatic, Palmer questions both religious doctrine and scientific research equally, but resists any attempt by Ellie to pry him from his belief in the existence of God, a belief Palmer can't possibly prove but accepts as an article of faith.
As main characters go, Ellie Arroway can't help but be one of my favorites. With so much science fiction focused on the "hassles" of the WASP male, Ellie tackles challenges not only as a woman in a male-dominated field, but as her peer circle expands to include most of humanity, an atheist in a God-worshiping population. Her femininity and atheism are constants throughout. She's an astronomer that would make Carl Sagan proud, and while the novel doesn't pivot on personal confrontation in as dramatic a fashion as the movie, the author never disrespects Ellie by jettisoning her training or principles in the race to decode the Message. This character is a role model.
There's a lot of philosophical conversation in the novel. They were adequately well written and provide "equal time" for a variety of scientific and theological beliefs, but very little of it was integrated into an exciting story. These scenes play like coffeetalk and in fact, most of the dialogue takes place on walks or excursions Ellie goes on between symposiums or meetings. There's an academic sensibility to much of the book, with elements like political machination, religious nuts or sabotage inserted in a way that seems like it was against the author's wishes. At best, the novel is resistant to corny thriller tropes. At worst, it's plodding.
While the intellectual exchanges between highly skilled academics grounds Sagan's story in reality to a degree, the novel features a couple of stabs at futurism that feel unnecessary, some plausible (a female president), some less so (a no holds barred Babylonian pleasure theme park in New York). I think I'll take Prince's speculations on the year 1999 from the year 1983. The movie--adapted by Jim V. Hart and Michael Goldenberg and directed by Robert Zemeckis--would pare that away to take place during the Clinton administration, as well as bolster Palmer Joss' role and the threats to Ellie's work. It's a better science fiction film than the book is a science fiction novel, but this will do.
With his novel, Sagan has turned me away from atheism and toward agnosticism. Contrary to what others might suggest, I find that "I don't know" can be as definitive a religious position as anything.