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The Ethics of Liberty

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In recent years, libertarian impulses have increasingly influenced national and economic debates, from welfare reform to efforts to curtail affirmative action. Murray N. Rothbard's classic The Ethics of Liberty stands as one of the most rigorous and philosophically sophisticated expositions of the libertarian political position.

What distinguishes Rothbard's book is the manner in which it roots the case for freedom in the concept of natural rights and applies it to a host of practical problems. An economist by profession, Rothbard here proves himself equally at home with philosophy. And while his conclusions are radical--that a social order that strictly adheres to the rights of private property must exclude the institutionalized violence inherent in the state--his applications of libertarian principles prove surprisingly practical for a host of social dilemmas, solutions to which have eluded alternative traditions.

The Ethics of Liberty authoritatively established the anarcho-capitalist economic system as the most viable and the only principled option for a social order based on freedom. This edition is newly indexed and includes a new introduction that takes special note of the Robert Nozick-Rothbard controversies.

308 pages, Paperback

First published January 1, 1982

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About the author

Murray N. Rothbard

219 books950 followers
Murray Newton Rothbard was an influential American historian, natural law theorist and economist of the Austrian School who helped define modern libertarianism. Rothbard took the Austrian School's emphasis on spontaneous order and condemnation of central planning to an individualist anarchist conclusion, which he termed "anarcho-capitalism".

In the 1970s, he assisted Charles Koch and Ed Crane to found the Cato Institute as libertarian think tank.

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Displaying 1 - 30 of 70 reviews
Profile Image for David Robins.
342 reviews27 followers
May 13, 2011
A masterpiece; a rational basis for libertarian political philosophy, beginning with self-ownership, the non-aggression principle, and explaining how a free society would function in various situations, answering objections, and proposing a way forward.
Profile Image for Karpur Shukla.
21 reviews25 followers
April 15, 2015
The absurd silliness of libertarianism is well-known, so I don't need to reproduce it here. Instead, I'm going to focus on the incredibly awful writing style. For example, here are the very first two sentences of this awful, long-winded mess:

"Among intellectuals who consider themselves "scientific," the phrase "the nature of man" is apt to have the effect of a red flag on a bull. "Man has no nature!" is the modern rallying cry; and typical of the sentiment of political philosophers today was the assertion of a distinguished political theorist some years ago before a meeting of the American Political Science Association that "man's nature" is a purely theological concept that must be dismissed from any scientific discussion."

It only gets worse from here.
Profile Image for Otto Lehto.
457 reviews175 followers
January 15, 2017
This was a bit of a disappointment. Perhaps it's too seminal for its own good. Reminds me of the old joke about students criticizing Shakespeare plays for being chock-full of clichés. The joke obviously being that the causality is reversed: Shakespeare INVENTED a lot of the phraseology of contemporary English. And the same goes for Rothbard: he invented, or at least popularized, a lot of the terminology of contemporary libertarian philosophy, so he might seem clichéd and simple in retrospective, when we have experience of several decades of post-Rothbardian liberal theory.

But time is not the full reason for my disappointment, nor does it excuse his simplicity to the extent that some apologists might claim. I cannot get over the fact that I was expecting a more substantial and philosophically honest exposition of liberty from a natural rights perspective. I have listened to some of Rothbard's lectures and found him to be an engaging speaker. So I wanted to believe that he was also a good philosopher. Instead, Rothbard offers an all-too-brief natural rights account of property rights, liberty, homesteading and the non-aggression principle. He extends these principles dogmatically and unwaveringly to the whole realm of human interaction, but since the foundations of the edifice are merely repeated from page to page, the entire credibility of his argument hinges on the first couple of chapters. And there isn't much there.

I believe that his foundations are left underdeveloped. The logically deduced structure, however majestic and grand, is left, inexplicably, without proper intellectual bodyguards, beyond a few underpaid foot soldiers whom a stronger army can eat for breakfast. In other words, if you wish to have a leitmotif to carry a 3-hour opera, you better have a good one. And his is only... OK.

The whole edifice of rights becomes dubious as a consequence. This is especially true when it comes to the difficult cases, like the lifeboat dilemma, shouting fire in a crowded theatre, or children's rights. His answers are occasionally interesting, always logical, but mostly simple-minded.

He does introduce some wonderfully radical proposals which make a lot of sense, but I wish he could argue for them from a more robust standpoint. One does not have to be a convinced rule-utilitarian, like I am, and like many classical liberals have been, to see major problems with his philosophy. Even natural rights have better exponents, starting with John Locke himself, whom Rothbard mangles for his own purposes, thus simplifying philosophical issues down to the basics.

Considering that everything is supposed to flow from simple premises, too little work is being done to ward off criticisms. Of course, the Shakespeare fallacy is partially applicable here, too, since a lot of the criticism was fleshed out only decades later, but compared to contemporary works like Anarchy, State, and Utopia, Rothbard's grasp of the complexities of philosophical argumentation seems tame and lame. He fights straw men when he can, he doesn't give a fair hearing to the other side, and he introduces freshman-level, hyperbolic counterarguments to utilitarianism and other alternative theories, as if he was the first man to come up with such stuff.

The style of the book straddles the fine line between lucid and simplistic. It could be praised for the clarity of its arguments. But it should also be attacked for the simplicity of its logical steps. They are watertight only in the carefully constructed world of ideal theory - the crystal palaces of libertarian heaven. But reality seeps in. The best laid plans of mice and Rothbard only take us so far. Natural rights are a potentially super powerful tool of philosophy that demand better exposition.

There was a time when I might have been more impressed by a theory that seems to provide answers to all circumstances. It is good to have a theory that can be appealed to in all possible circumstances, but it is not a virtue of a theory that is provides easy answers. Any dogmatic theory, indeed, can be applied in an infinity of circumstances. A theory that explains everything explains nothing. And a morality that refuses the possibility of tragedy and conflict on the very fundamental level of human interaction is a morality that is psychologically pleasing but sociologically and politically dangerous.

I personally think that liberty should best be defended on a utilitarian basis, but a type of utilitarianism that takes rights and the inviolability of borders seriously as tools of welfare. But even if one believes in natural rights, one should do so after a careful exposure to its theory and the objections raised against it. This book fails to provide a good summary of either. Rothbard gives us gorgeous sand castles, towering over the 20th century beach of ideas, majestically. But a tide is soon coming ("a spectre is haunting Europe..."), a tide of philosophical A-listers on all sides of the aisle, so I would urge readers to close their eyes, turn around, and look elsewhere for shelter.
Profile Image for Brett Williams.
Author 2 books63 followers
August 10, 2016
Murray Rothbard’s not-so-excellent Libertarian adventure

Rothbard provides a few interesting crumbs to nibble on and understandably opposes excess State control, but he’ll serve no meals for the philosophically hungry. Instead, the reader ingests a pungent mix of purist fanaticism and immoral lunacy. Such as, “The parent may not murder or mutilate the child,” writes Rothbard, “But the parent should have the legal right not to feed the child, i.e. to let the child die.” And this applies to any child, because to do otherwise is coercion on the body of the parent. There will be no moral expectations (though he claims this is another matter), no belonging, no virtues, responsibility or duty levied on Rothbard’s Man because all such community-based notions are persecution of the sacred individual. His conclusions are so wrong, in part because his foundational definition of the human is so blatantly errant. While asking “how must we behave,” implying we are not alone in the universe, his political philosophy constantly implies – in Libertarian fashion – we are quite alone in the universe. In his crosshairs are the State (naturally invented for protection and organization in a world of more than one), and laws (generally as implementations of justice and order in a world of more than one). Not only is his model impossible to implement in the real world, it would be a disaster to try. Rand Paul should burn his copy of this occasionally self-contradictory, and frequently repellent text.
Profile Image for Zinger.
242 reviews14 followers
April 29, 2009
This book will really make you think long after you put the book down. It will cut to the core of your personal views of right and wrong, the use of agency, and what is liberty. I agreed with most of what he wrote, and the rest I don't necessarily disagree with, but still need to study it out more. Of course I totally disagree with his views on abortion and child abandonment. This book will make you rethink and look deeper into the "Golden Rule" and how one would follow it.
Profile Image for Fabricio Ter★n.
73 reviews17 followers
June 25, 2017
El libro de Rothbard es reconocido como la mejor exposición de qué es la filosofía política libertaria, que se puede resumir en el principio de no-agresión como base de los derechos de propiedad. Antes de juzgarla me pare imprescindible entender este libro para comprender cuáles libertarios saben de lo que hablan y cuáles no. Es interesante ver cómo un economista de profesión logra hacer hacer un libro de filosofía de la moral política es decir de los principios que deberían edificar el orden social, en este caso con el propósito de asegurar a todo ser humano un espacio de acción en libertad. El libro es un gran edificio teórico, Rothbard se muestra aquí como un gran arquitecto del pensamiento político, sin embargo detallaré lo que pienso de su brillante edificio.

El inicio del libro es un llamativa exposición filosófica en el terreno de la ontología, que parte con la pregunta de si existe un orden natural de la realidad, del universo, con exposiciones que llamaría de realismo objetivo tomista o aristotélico. Esta parte es breve pero bastante interesante y deja incluso preguntas al lector de la aplicación de estos razonamientos a otros ámbitos. Pero rápidamente pasa el autor a la conclusión de que si existe un orden natural de la realidad, del universo. debe haber, necesariamente, un orden natural en el orden social. Este orden social puede ser descubierto mediante la lógica, el razonamiento, la reflexión, allí estamos ante un racionalista.

Como racionalista, para identificar cuál es ese orden natural de la sociedad, toma el esquema que Mises usó para su teoría de la economía. la praxeología, tomar partes simples y luego sobre ello edificar teorías. Este método que podemos llamar robinsoniano o economía robinsoniana Rothbar lo traspola a la ética política. Identifica que el ser humano en aislamiento actúa como cualquier otro, y en esa acción posee y transforma los recursos naturales. En esa situación ya podemos identificar lo que será la institución de la propiedad privada, cuando se agregan más personas en el tiempo, ya tomando posesión secuencialmente, logrando un sistema no conflictivo o que puede resolver los problemas de coordinación con esta simple regla. Aquí el método de Mises se deja un lado, o queda fusionado a las ideas de John Locke, quien estableció que el derecho de propiedad correspondía al primer ocupante. En esta parte del libro identifiqué el primer gran logro pero a la vez la gran debilidad del orden social rothbardiano. Usando el método de aislar la acción humana a un situación simple, podemos efectivamente determinar que la acción necesita posesión de recursos, y luego podemos identificar que el principio del primer ocupante es una buena regla de coordinación. Sin embargo Rothbard comete el mismo error de Locke e identifica una buena regla de coordinación con un "derecho natural" del individuo a poseer lo que se encuentra sin posesión previa, identifica algo que parece un orden natural de la coordinación -lo cual sería perfectamente compatible con su premisa de que existe un orden natural- con un derecho natural de las personas sobre las cosas, lo cual puede llegar a ser muy chocante para el estándar actual que considera que los derechos son las relaciones que tenemos con otras personas y no con los bienes - como yo también lo pienso, y de hecho Rothbard llega aceptarlo en un fragmento sobre los títulos de propiedad como diferentes de los bienes sujetos a esos títulos, sin darse cuenta que así contradecía su propósito de demostrar que hay unos derechos naturales en nuestra relación sobre las cosas.

Este gran salto de explicar cómo lograr un orden armonioso con el propósito de mejorar la convivencia pacífica a intentar establecer los derechos naturales "objetivos" de las personas empaña este trabajo teórico, porque bien Rothbard pudo haber llegado a hacer una contribución de una teoría analítica/descriptiva de la propiedad privada desde la escuela austriaca de economía, en que se definiera que la acción inherentemente usa recursos escasos, y que al existir interacción social se necesita reglas de coordinación para evitar conflictos y lograr mayor armonía en la sociedad (los derechos de propiedad), y que a su vez el principio del primer ocupante es uno que sirve para determinar cómo se asignarán las propiedades - y con esto último diferenciándose de los teóricos institucionalistas de la propiedad privada, estilo Ronald Coase, al agregar que no es suficiente la institución de la propiedad como alegan estos últimos sino que además es necesaria una regla de asignación de la propiedad que reduzca los conflictos y que puede ser aplicable universalmente a todo ser humano que no sea un interdicto. De haberse limitado a crear una teoría naturalista de las instituciones, la teoría de Rothbard probablemente sería más alabada, respetada y difícil de ignorar. Cometió el fatal error de querer con esto argumentar que esto que es el conato de una brillante teoría de las instituciones era una prueba naturalista de supuestos derechos intrínsecos a la relación sujetos y bienes. Tengo la impresión que este libro conviven dos teorías, y que la una no deja desarrollarse y opaca a la otra, y que los simpatizantes de Rothbard ven lógica al argumento por fijarse en su teoría institucional mientras los adversarios lo atacan por fijarse en su teoría de derechos, y que no ha habido comentaristas que conozca que separen estas dos teorías que conviven aquí.

La explicación institucional de Rothbard de la regla del primer ocupante es simple y buena: una vez que planteamos que la acción necesita asignación de recursos, podemos asignar reglas universales o no universales. La no universal es que una casta decida sobre la otra, darle a un grupo la potestad de asignarle bienes a los demás seres humanos a discreción, viable pero inmoral. Luego las opciones universales son que todos decidamos sobre todos antes de usar cualquier bien, lo que implicaría deliberar antes de actuar, moralmente universalizable pero inviable pues todos los seres humanos perecerían antes del consenso universal de tomar algo de la naturaleza para sobrevivir. Quedaría solo el principio de ocupación en el tiempo, el primero que llega no tiene conflicto con nadie más, y los siguientes obtienen bienes comprándolos o recibiendo donaciones, de tal manera que el conflicto queda aminorado y se crea un regla para resolver controversias en base a una situación cronotópica (relación con el espacio en un tiempo determinado). Quedan entonces dos opciones viables, una inmoral o otra moral, y Rothbard opta por la que es al a vez viable y moral. Pero en qué sentido moral e inmoral, esta respuesta nunca queda resulta por la débil teoría de filosofía moral que al menos nos debería decir que es porque la humanidad occidental considera digno de valor a todo ser humano racional, es un asunto valórico que el autor nunca explica pero que bien podría explicarse por el humanismo filosófico implícito en los pensadores occidentales modernos.

La siguiente gran conclusión deriva de los razonamientos anteriores y es que todos los derechos de los sistemas legales son en algún modo derechos de propiedad. Tesis polémica pero sostenible por sus premisas de que los sistemas legales existen como respuesta a los conflictos derivados de la escasez, el mismo motivo por el que existen derechos de propiedad. Una vez más se ve que como teórico institucionalista hubiese sido un gran referente.

Luego de esta fundamentación de su teoría de derechos de propiedad, brillante (errada o no, no debe pasar desapercibida) mezclada con su mala justificación de de derechos naturales objetivos, Rothbard pasa a otra misión. La construcción de una especie de norma constitucional aplicable para todos los casos de disputas legales o conflictos sobre qué políticas públicas implementar. Suponiendo que la premisa es de los derechos de propiedad obtenidos no agresivamente (es decir por a partir del principio del primer ocupante) es aceptada como fundamento de un orden social, aquí el autor es particularmente brillante, y la herramienta "derechos de propiedad basado en el primero ocupante o la no agresión" parece ser aplicable a todo aspecto, ratificando la tesis fundamental que las normas legales son derechos de propiedad en uno u otro nivel, por tanto con una regla clara de derechos de propiedad efectivamente se van encontrando soluciones a casi todo problema del orden social. Una situación donde todos los bienes y servicios tienen un claro propietario la solución legal se encuentra de forma mucho más rápida. Seguramente notar esto deslumbró al autor, como lo ha hecho con muchos de sus seguidores, para obviar los problemas de los fundamentos, pues finalmente la herramienta parece funcionar. En esta parte del libro, la más extensa, es casuística jurídica, el autor plantea casos de conflictos legales y luego logra soluciones con su herramienta. Algunas muy interesantes, otras polémicas.

Aquí sin embargo hay otra objeción que se puede hacer a este edificio teórico. Su casuística sigue las líneas de otro racionalista, Spinoza, quien escribío hace siglos un libro llamado "Ética" en que trataba de resolver todos los problemas "sociales" y "personales" sobre la conducta basado en reglas universalmente aplicables (de este antiguo libro tomaría el nombre el libro que comento ahora). Rothbard sólo intenta dar respuesta sobre problemas de tipo social pero sobre la base de esta misma premisa: si creemos que existe un orden natural, constante, las soluciones a temas de conducta deben ser constantes también y esas constantes las podemos descubrir. Es decir, hay una solución constante para cada problema, . Y en esto, paradójicamente al cliché de que son opuestos, hay una similitud entre este naturalismo jurídico y el positivismo jurídico clásico (o formalismo jurídico). Ambos plantean que debe haber una sola solución para todo conflicto legal por medio del método de subsunción, en que la normal particular se deduce de la general, es decir de alguna forma la norma particular ya existe y necesita sólo ser deducida. En el naturalismo de Rothbard la norma general de la que se deducen las normas particulares es la propiedad privada establecida por el principio de no agresión o de primer ocupante (no es una regla escrita en si, sino reglas de coordinación), y esa norma es una y constante, puesto que funciona como un sistema formal de aximas y deducciones. En el formalismo o positivismo jurídico, la norma general es un regla escrita, tangible y que basta para todo caso, de la cual los jueces extraerán las soluciones a casos particulares. Resumiendo, este método deductivista, o de subsunción, es una importante similitud entre estos puntos de vista jurídicos que pertenecen a tradiciones que tradicionalmente se han visto como opuestas (a mi criterio por confusión de "niveles" de análisis, porque tratan de resolver problemas diferentes, pero esa explicación queda para otro momento). Aquí cabe tomar en cuenta las críticas hechos por filósofos jurídicos del siglo XX al método de subsunción, en que no es suficiente porque se encontrarán normas contradictorias y allí no hay forma de deducir soluciones unas y constantes (ver debate Hart - Dworkin). En el caso de Rothbard también las reglas fundamentales entran en contradicción, por ejemplo en los casos donde las partes quieran solucionar problemas mediante el libre acuerdo (ej. el tema de los contratos de promesas y su penalizaciones por incumplimiento, que Rothbard rechaza su legitimidad si no hay transferencia de de bienes físicos), Rothbard prefiere optar por la solución que pase por su deducción de la norma general en vez de permitir la autonomía del a voluntad. Entonces la libertad de hacer uno con su cuerpo y bienes lo que desee queda anulada por una norma general que pretende defender que exista esta potestad en los individuos. También queda en el limbo cómo funcionarían procesalmente las cortes privadas de las que habla en su sistema en caso de aplicar métodos de negociación en vez de procesos judiciales, puesto que los primeros en sus resultados probablemente violarían la norma general al renegociar derechos para poder resolver los conflictos (como es común en estos métodos no-procesalistas).

Pese a todo es sorprendente la erudición que muestra el autor, y, al menos en la parte que llamo de casuística, la facilidad con que explica su teoría. Esa simplicidad puede ser criticada como simplismo, pero soy de la idea de que se debe agradecer la claridad en los autores. También es digno de elogiar que Rothbard es claro en indicar su punto de vista político-moral, y no lo esconde para luego exponerlo sin avisar en alguna parte como es el caso de otros pensadores más conocidos en el mainstream intelectual y que pasan como neutrales - si tal cosa alguien cree que es posible.

La última parte del libro es una crítica la filosofía moral de cuatro pensadores sociales, mostrando sus inconsistencias: Mises, Isaiah Berlin, Hayek y Nozick. La crítica a Mises es mala aunque breve, la crítica a Berlin es buena y corta, la crítica a Hayek es muy buena y la crítica Nozick es extensa y polémica - pretendía leer inmediatamente Anarquía, Estado y Utopía de Nozick, que es de hecho una reflexión sobre las ideas de ética política rothbardianas, y luego de esta crítica de Rothbard he decidido postergar esa lectura indefinidamente. Pocas veces un libro te ahorra la lectura de otro, así que eso he elevado mi puntaje. Lástima que Rothbard haya identificado las fallas de otros autores herederos de la tradición liberal clásica pero no las suyas, pero debemos reconocer que verse a uno mismo siempre es muy difícil por brillante que uno sea.

Una anotación que quiero hacer, aun cuando no es parte del libro, es comentar sobre el debate que existe en la filosofía libertaria entre rothbardianos y hayekianos. Primero que no debe ser obviado que el llamado libertarismo nace oficialmente, y toma sus principales características, con la teoría de la propiedad privada vía no agresión y con el talante de ver al Estado como una entidad de la cual defenderse. Si bien es una evolución del liberalismo clásico, se puede decir abiertamente que los fundadores intelectuales de la misma son Rothbard y Nozick, en escenas diferentes, el uno en la militancia política y el otro en la academia oficial. Hayek es parte de la tradición liberal clásica y no de la propiamente libertaria, no por un tema del debate entre anarquía vs Estado mínimo (nótese que incluyo a Nozick como fundador quien no era anarquista) sino por los fundamentos filosóficos. Aunque dadas sus similitudes y genealogías han terminado solapándose las teorías con el tiempo y los nombres.

Por otro lado, el conflicto de filosofía social o su teoría de cómo funciona la sociedad, los hayekianos acusan a Rothbard y a sus seguidores de constructivistas sociales, de que quieren diseñar la sociedad según sus deseos. Esta crítica me parecía un tanto extraña por otros motivos, porque niega la posibilidad de innovaciones deliberadas en el orden social o de aceptar como beneficiosas esas innovaciones. Pero ahora noto que esta crítica no es acertada, tanto Rothbard como Hayek tiene una noción filosófica de que efectivamente existe algún orden natural de la sociedad, mecanismos inherentes a la misma (no confundir orden natural con derechos naturales), la diferencia en realidad sería que Hayek -simplificando mucho- prácticamente plantearía la imposibilidad de saber de forma razonada cuál es el ese orden y que nos queda aprender por un proceso largo de pruebas y repeticiones que unas reglas de coordinación funcionan mejor que otras (más acordes a este orden intrínseco), mientras que para Rothbard podemos usar el razonamiento para llegar a saber esas reglas de coordinación que de alguna forma son más acordes a ese orden intrínseco. No es un debate de cómo funciona la sociedad entre evolucionismo hayekiano y un supuesto constructivismo rothbardiano, pues el constructivismo está ausente en Rothbard pues para él: los hombres no crean la ley, la deducen - puede que esta no sea una buena teoría de cómo funcionan las leyes pero en ningún momento pretende que el hombre cree la ley. Comparte con Hayek cierto naturalismo y también cierto evolucionismo (en diferentes grados) y su discrepancia es más bien en cómo creen que llegan a conocer el funcionamiento de la sociedad, de una forma racionalista-deductivista versus una forma, por decirlo así, empirista-evolucionista. Y esto luego tiene consecuencias en cómo piensan se debe intervenir para cambiar el mundo.
Profile Image for Daniel Moss.
167 reviews7 followers
March 21, 2017
Particularly useful in this book was the chapters the went into commonly held contradictions by the left and right. As well as the chapters where Rothbard gives a straight up philosophical smackdown of guys like Nozick, Hayek, and Mises on questions regarding ethics, specifically ethics regarding the state.
28 reviews1 follower
June 4, 2020
This Book puts Legal aspect of Libertarian state. On some issues like Child Care, Contracts Rothbard pushes you to rethink. He does not ignore the reality of developing nations while considering libertarian outlook. This book will Make you think. The Ethics he talks about are not personal but “Political-Social”.
Profile Image for C.H.E. Sadaphal.
Author 7 books12 followers
March 8, 2013
This is an excellent "next step" book on Libertarianism, perfect for anyone who has a basic understanding of the philosophy but would like more information and practical application of its principles to life's more complicated and touchy issues. The book takes the concepts of personal property and individual freedom and uses them as an ethical foundation for a myriad of common topics (i.e. the "right" to privacy, animal rights, taxation, voluntary contracts). Rothbard, as always, presents clear and well thought arguments to justify his positions, but the reader should keep in mind that although his descriptions are philosophically sound, there are many opinions one may object to morally; this however is another tenet of the book-no justification for morality is implied, that is left up to you. Overall, the book is a quick an enjoyable read and will certainly challenge most people's positions.
Profile Image for Lea Fegley.
24 reviews4 followers
July 26, 2013
Ethics of Liberty is my second read by Rothbard. Although it didn't have the convincing persuasion of For A New Liberty, which is my favorite of his, it applies a sound ethical theory based soley on human rights and the nonagression principal to a diverse number of topics such as animal rights, bribery and theft. The strict rational and application of theory without any moral guidance knocked me off my feet on the topic of abortion and childerns' rights. Like any good economist, Rothbard extracts all subjective value, moral guidance, from the theory itself of Ethics in the economic and political realm. Lastly he critiques both Miss and Hayek on their policy assessments, concluding with his view of a world based on sound property rights, freedom and liberty.
Profile Image for Lucy.
17 reviews16 followers
November 27, 2013
In this classic libertarian text, Rothbard dedicates most thorough and critical analysis to the theory of property rights, which is at the core of individual liberty. Protecting property rights turns out much more complicated than at first glance. Rothbard sheds light on many of these complications, and at the same time raises controversial and new questions. Nevertheless, after reading this book, I'm motivated to study more. Again, a must-read for not only aspiring libertarians but also those ready to possibly see their whole world uprooted.
159 reviews
September 19, 2014
Murray N. Rothbard (1926-1995) was a true polymath of libertarianism; he was the founder of modern libertarianism, the chief developer of anarcho-capitalism, a towering economist in the tradition of Ludwig von Mises and the Austrian School of Economics, and a great individual. His powerful attacks on the state and his defenses of liberty are still resonant with all libertarians, and his influence is lasting.

After I became an anarcho-capitalist via reading his For A New Liberty, I read his treatise, which was in many ways a pioneering work in libertarian ethics and legal theory. That book not only grounded me in my libertarianism, but it opened my eyes to how my views would be applied to specific issues that I didn't consider carefully before (contracts, bribery, title transfer, use of knowledge, property rights, etc.). I already wrote a review on my blog. However, in order to write my first Goodreads review, I decided to write one for this masterpiece of political philosophy.

From a Christian standpoint, one could argue that Rothbard's natural law rationalism is contradictory to Scripture. However, as a proponent of natural law, I believe that rationalism in consonance with faith in God is acceptable and should be pursued. Hence, Rothbard's theory, which he exprsses so lucidly in Part 1 of his book, is so powerful and timeless, even as it has been refined and built upon after him. Not only that, but Rothbard's radicalism displays its gleaming head beautifully, and it allows for us to see the truly poewrful nature of natural law and its libertarian descendant natural rlghts.

After having so cogently covered natural law as applied to political philosophy, it is then that Rothbard delves into the real meat and potatoes of the book — a theory of liberty. While For A New Liberty was definitely comprehensive in its exposition on libertarian theory, Ethics uniquely doesn't tread the same exact path of that book but rather decides to use the natural-law ethic which he explained and apply it to foundational problems which require answers. His theory of property rights and title transfer, even if it may not convince everybody, is surely thoughtfully concevied and deserves careful consideration. His coverage of other issues like lifeboat issues, bribery and "human rights" is also superb and still carries its power today. Even his delving into the issue of abortion and children's rights, while certianly problematic in areas and controverisal even among modern-day Rothbardians, is surprisingly rational and considerate. I certainly don't agree with Rothbard's support of the "pro-choice" position (though I am open to it existing in a libertarian society, as a pro-lifer myself) but I carefully have thought over his runaway situation and find it a reasonable method for determing when a child becomes a self-owner.

His section on the State, The State versus Liberty, may seem like a retread of familiar waters for anyone who has followed Rothbard's work extensively. Even so, sometimes it is best to get back to first principles and return back to foundational roots. And Rothbard does that with flying colors; he shows how the State is a criminal gang, how it cannot truly own anything, why war is so bad, why revolution and guerilla warfare are more compatible with libertarian theory than conventional state warfare, and what the appropriate way to defeat tyranny would be (hint: it's not "humanitarian intervention," "collective security" or a government waging war on tyrannical government).

The last parts, Modern Alternative Theories of Liberty and Toward a Theory of Strategy for Liberty, are also recommended, and the last portion, while a bit too optimistic for my tastes, is certainly well-realized and worth considering.

Ultimately, while Ethics of Liberty is not a "flawless" work or a highly specific one, it's one of the best books of all time, both for its deep and thoughtful defense of libertarian anarcho-capitalism and its vivid and rich writing style and academic mode that serves as a foundation for further libertarian legal analysis. As Rothbard himself says in the preface:

While the book establishes the general outlines of a system of libertarian law, however, it is only an outline, a prolegomenon to what I hope will be a fully developed libertarian law code of the future. Hopefully libertarian jurists and legal theorists will arise to hammer out the system of libertarian law in detail, for such a law code will be necessary to the truly successful functioning of what we may hope will be the libertarian society of the future.


Hence, we don't see the fiery populism of For A New Liberty, nor do we see the purely caustic and searing anti-statism of his classic essay "The Anatomy of the State." Anti-statism and radicalism certainly abound in Ethics, but their nature is more theoretical and cerebral rather than visceral and instinctual.

In my view, everyone should read Rothbard, and all libertarians should read at least three or four of his writings (more would be good, as Rothbard has become one of my favorite writers), and if one is interested in deeper things, then The Ethics of Liberty comes highly recommended to all. (A+)
32 reviews20 followers
April 13, 2017
Ignore Hoppe, ignore the bits about children and the hand-waving "grounding" of natural rights. Very good application of libertarian rights theory.
43 reviews3 followers
January 26, 2020
Ch 15 "Human Rights as Property Rights" was my favorite part of this book.
Profile Image for Dave Franklin.
196 reviews1 follower
February 2, 2024
Unlike many academics, Murray N. Rothbard had the intellectual virtuosity to follow every argument to its logical conclusion. Trained as a mathematician and economist, Rothbard became the premier Austrian School writer of his generation. His "Man, Economy, and State," a scant 1441 pages, developed an entire theory of economics along praxeological lines. It remains as one of the great testaments to the Austrian tradition.

With "The Ethics of Liberty," Rothbard has reconstructed the philosophy of ethics. Based on the Aristotelian understanding eudominics and property rights, the author has called out nearly every mainstream twentieth century moral thinker. Understanding that the utilitarian perspective that has come to dominate his profession was an indefensible variant of relativism, Rothbard returned to first things. The result is an ethics based on axiomatic-deductive reasoning that owes its patrimony to Aristotle, the Spanish Scholastics, Pufendorf, and Grotius. In short, the author is unapologetic in his explication of natural right.

As Rothbard outlines:
A proposition rises to the status
of axiom when he who denies it
may be using it in the very course
of the supposed refutation. Now,
any person participating in any sort
of discussion, including one on values,
is, by virtue of so participating alive
and affirming life.

Hence, Rothbard develops an ethical theory that is based on an affirmation on the principle of self-ownership, the praxeological precondition, the denial of which, is self-contradictory.

This is a difficult, but rewarding study. I recommend this treatise to all students of modern politics.
Profile Image for Larry.
141 reviews10 followers
April 24, 2021
The most interesting part of the book is the critical one, in which Rothbard turns against Mises and rejects as incoherent his attempts at justifying public policies from a morally neutral standpoint and shreds Nozick’s “invisible hand explanation” of the emergence of a minimal state, essentially arguing against Nozick’s recourse to compensation, his conception of procedural rights and drawing inspiration from Roy Childs to show that not only would the minimal state collapse into itself while trying to compensate its mechanically growing number of “clients”, but it should also wither away according to the very process that enabled it to come about. The arguments against Hayek are worth taking into account though they only function against a certain part of the development of Hayek’s thought and would not apply to Law, Legislation and Liberty for instance, even though Rothbard seems to have but contempt for all non-natural law based versions of liberalism (notwithstanding the fact that Hayek precisely presents a new and original conception of natural rights).

The constructive part is only worth it insofar as it lays out provocative and original ancap theories the most memorable of which are probably to be found in the chapter about the market for children and Rothbard’s justification of blackmail (though he draws inspiration from Block’s Defending the Undefendable). All in all I’d rather recommend it to libertarians who are looking for a fortifying statement of their ideas rather than searching for challenging new ones.
Profile Image for Elliott.
357 reviews70 followers
December 9, 2021
My favorite part about Murray Rothbard is the fact that he, unlike nearly every other libertarian in the world, makes an attempt to follow through on the implications he raises. But, he does so in such a fashion that it’s almost like he was just writing without paying full attention until he takes things to their logical conclusion as follows: “In short, we must face the fact that the purely free society will have a flourishing free market in children.”
Now, anyone who’s seen an episode of Law and Order: SVU knows exactly what a child market looks like. Murray Rothbard knows very well what a child market looks like and it’s at this moment that he pivots.
“We must realize that there is a market for children now, but that since the government prohibits sale of children at a price, the parents may now only give their children away to a licensed adoption agency free of charge.” The problem becomes one of regulation after all!
Of course the adoption system is not a market nor is the process of adoption or planning to adopt a market in any sense of the word and it’s a wholly incompatible comparison. The state regulates adoption precisely so that it doesn’t become a market. Plenty of unregulated children’s markets do exist after all and as news stories often report these unregulated, true markets are not full of “superior humanism” as Rothbard asserts.
Kudos to Rothbard for following the implicit of what he says, unfortunately it shows the true limitations of libertarianism.
Profile Image for Sylvester.
1,329 reviews26 followers
March 12, 2015
So good that I couldn't put it down, haven't felt this way since "The Virtue of Selfishness" by Ayn Rand. The ethics of Liberty is often regarded as the second Magnus opus by Rothbard and I would have to agree with them. Rothbard's ethics based on property was very well summarised in the first two thirds of the book. Personally I saw many similarities between Rothbard and Rand, the crucial point is their different approaches in terms of values, which ended up with different results. The last third of the book was about dos dislike for other branches of libertarianism and how the other theorist have misunderstood the concept of the market economy and Liberty. Finally there were a few words of encouragement.

Rothbard was a master of analogies, his analogies were so profound that virtually left me speechless and couldn't help but praise his creativity. I essentially agreed with most things he wrote, like the right to blackmail was actually quite interesting which I actually haven't thought about before. However, coming from an objectivist background, I have to admit I was annoyed at his humanist non-interventionism and found his theories on crime arbitrary, but other than that, it's a marvellous book everyone should have at least a go at it.
Profile Image for Jordi Sacristan Herrero.
27 reviews1 follower
May 12, 2021
Un llibre molt guai. Posa les bases morals del lliberalisme(no clàssic) -anarcocapitalisme-, de la filosofia política del mateix i t’exposa el que serien les lleis naturals (lleis que van a favor del lliberalisme i antiestat). Molt clar, entendor. Després revisa la literatura lliberal i la critica, a favor del anarcocapitalisme. (Crítiques a mises, hayek,nozick). Al final parla de quins camins ha de prendre el lliberalisme per arribar a triomfar. Es un dels típics llibres que casa frase te doble sentit i potser a mi m’ha costat trobar-lo. El que em queda clar després d’aquest llibre se com funciona la llei natural i els drets lliberals, algo que fins ara no havia experimentat. També em queda clar com l’estat mínim (lliberalisme clàssic) es algo que s’ha se rebutjar. Mel tornaré a llegir i segurament podré posar-li les 5 estrelles. Es queda en 4.5-4.8. Un llibre normal.

L’he canviat la nota a 5 estrelles perk a mesura que passa el temps m’ha agradat mes
Profile Image for Jairo Fraga.
332 reviews18 followers
June 10, 2018
A base para o libertarianismo. Rothbard escreve bem, é grande conhecedor da literatura universal e vai direto ao ponto. Traz os contrastes da lei natural em relação à lei positivada, e as contradições dessa última, e do pensamento dos seus autores. Usando a razão e a lógica é possível chegar com certa facilidade à ética da liberdade. As teorias de contrato expostas são muito boas, em especial alguns pontos que eu não havia pensado antes, como a validade do contrato entre chantagiados e chantageadores, e também da difamação e "fake news", tema lamentavelmente mais passível à censura hoje.
Rothbard, no entanto, peca nas suas interpretações do aborto e na possibilidade de deixar o filho morrer, motivos que me fizeram tirar uma estrela do livro.
Profile Image for JJ.
194 reviews19 followers
December 29, 2020
Fantastic read for any lover of liberty! I just finished this book during an overhyped COVID pandemic as these western governments impose more senseless and absurd draconian measures. This book is more important than ever as our liberty is on the brink of extinction. The book is divided into five parts: Natural Law, A theory of Liberty, The State versus Liberty, Modern Alternative Theories of Liberty, and Toward a Theory of Strategy For Liberty. What distinguishes this book is the manner in which it roots the case for freedom in the concept of natural rights and applies it to a host of practical problems. I highly recommend this book to any liberty and freedom loving person.
Profile Image for Jacob Aitken.
1,622 reviews338 followers
Read
August 4, 2011
I couldn't go all the way with his thesis. Murray defined it as not violating the person of the other. This allows for a very anti-Christian ethic in its consistency, even if all are not consistent. But that being said, Murray scored a lot of points on the idiocy of "The Welfare State," "War," and others. It is probably the clearest and cogent explanation of Libertarianism. Unfortunately, in the long run it does not mesh with Christianity.
22 reviews19 followers
September 25, 2010
Rothbard sets up a case for why absolute freedom is ultimately the only universally and temporally consistent ethic that can exist. Simply put, as long as one person can even have one iota of treatment different from another, it cannot be ethical for all times and places. Read this, and don't listen to the other reviews, this book is wonderful to read as Rothbard builds a logical case.
Profile Image for Dave.
34 reviews
March 13, 2012
Although I disagree with some of Rothbard's conclusions, I did enjoy this book. Rothbard has a way of laying out philosophical arguments in a logical way that resonate with me.
June 22, 2022
(Копіюю сюди свій відгук про книжку від 13 жовтня 2018 р.)

Я дочитала книжку "Етика свободи" Мюррея Ротбарда, в якій викладені основи лібертаріанської теорії.

Сказати щось по-лібертаріанськи? Прошу:
1. Моє тіло — моє діло.
2. Хто перший часом, перший і правом [українське прислів'я].
3. Не вчіть мене жити, і я не скажу, куди вам йти.
4. Мій дім — мої правила.
5. "Від'єбіться від нас".

А ви що очікували почути? )

В "Етиці свободи" автор ставив перед собою ціль визначити, коли насильство між людьми допустиме, а коли ні. Метод: аксіоматико-дедуктивний.

Аксіома — твердження, яке неможливо спростувати (хоча, звісно, можна спробувати), тому його доводиться приймати як істину (в смислі навіть якщо не хочеться). А на основі аксіом логічно виводяться всі інші твердження, тому з ними теж не дуже посперечаєшся.

В основі лібертаріанства дві аксіоми:
1. Аксіома самоналежності (кожна людина належить сама собі та тільки вона може собою розпоряджатися).
2. Аксіома первинного присвоєння (хто перший освоїв/використав природний ресурс, той стає його першим власником).

Тобто лібертаріанська теорія — це теорія прав людини, яка побудована на праві власності. Основне право — право людини на саму себе (самоналежність), а всі інші права похідні, тому теж є правами власності. Інших прав, крім прав власності, просто не існує.

Економіка не може нормально працювати без нормально працюючого права, тому теорія Ротбарда поєднує економічну теорію і теорію права в єдину внутрішньо узгоджену систему. (Зауважу, що наукова теорія не відірвана від практики, а лише формально її описує).

Кожна людина належить сама собі й ніхто не може розпоряджатися нею і всім майном, що їй належить, крім неї самої. Без виключень, бо право власності універсальне та абсолютне. Саме так виглядає на практиці реалізація принципу природного права "всі люди вільні та рівні". (Якщо цікавить конкретика, то рекомендую читати книжку, бо там все розкладене по поличках).

Визнання самоналежності людини неминуче робить лібертаріанців анархістами, бо якщо ви вважаєте, що у всіх питаннях, які стосуються вашого життя, останнє слово має бути за вами, то ви анархіст. Тому лібертаріанська теорія Ротбарда — це ще й теорія анархії, основаної на приватній власності.

Все те, про що пише Ротбард, на практиці виглядає як вільна ринкова економіка і прецедентне право. Тобто, як добре знайомі нам явища. Ротбард просто пояснив, чому це працює разом, як працює разом і як могло б працювати краще, якби дійсно був реалізований принцип верховенства права і якби економіка була цілком вільною від державного регулювання.

Зараз повністю лібертаріанське суспільство може комусь й важко уявити, але соціальна еволюція продовжується, тому все можливо.

п. с. Книжка "Етика свободи" вперше вийшла у 1982 році.
79 reviews
December 6, 2022
Un essai passionnant devenu depuis longtemps un livre culte de l'anarcho-capitalisme. L'auteur y décrit de façon claire et précise sa théorie. Toute son idéologie se veut anti-état/anti-autoritaire et est présentée sous le prisme de la non violence: l’État et ses mécanismes de coercition sont considérés comme des agressions constantes contre les droits naturels des individus, et notamment le droit de propriété (privée) ; par conséquent l’État est considéré comme une entité illégitime et immorale.
Pour simplifier, le but de ce texte est d'expliquer en quoi l'idéologie que présente l'auteur est "la bonne", non pas à l'aune des conséquences de celles-ci mais d'un point de vue moral, ainsi l'utilitarisme y est souvent critiqué notamment son usage chez les penseurs libéraux.

On ressort de ce texte avec une compréhension bien plus poussée du libertarianisme et de ce qui le différencie du libéralisme classique (il n'est pas rare en France que des propos "centre-droit" d'un point de vu économique soient taxés de libertariens, ce qui n'a aucun sens). On comprend aussi pourquoi les anarcho-capitalistes n'ont pas grand chose à voir avec les courants anarchistes authentiques: bien que des critiques radicales et extrêmes de l’État se retrouvent des deux côtés, ce ne sont absolument pas pour les mêmes raisons, d'ailleurs les anarcho-capitalistes n'ont pas une si forte aversion à l'organisation hiérarchique ou à l'autorité tant que celle-ci n'est pas imposée par la force. Les anarchistes authentiques eux, incluent un rejet du capitalisme qui est considéré comme une des causes de la privation de liberté et une des raisons-d'être de l'existence des états.

Ce genre d'idéologie est plutôt faite pour influencer certains courants politiques ou infuser progressivement dans d'autres écoles de pensées (en particulier aux USA). Lire ce livre est donc extrêmement utile pour mieux comprendre le libertarianisme, important pour saisir les différences de ce mouvement avec les autres (qui peuvent parfois sembler convergents) et il permettra aussi d’ouvrir la voie à de nouvelles réflexions sur l'étatisme, l'auteur étant très clair il est facile d'identifier chaque affirmation et de les questionner.
Profile Image for Jim.
14 reviews
April 18, 2020
As a longtime libertarian / Rothbardian, I approached this book with a strong familiarity with most of the concepts presented here. However, for me, the technical review of the natural rights / natural law theory as basis for an objective system of ethics was refreshing, and I was especially moved by the final chapter about strategy, appropriately grounded in the libertarian concept of justice (yes..., I would "push the button").

As Rothbard explains, liberty is an ethical concept, way beyond the mere economic efficiency of laissez-faire capitalism, forming the basis for a philosophy of justice, i.e., non-aggression. In this context, he systematically speaks to specific ethical issues including "homesteading" and just property rights, criminality, rights of children and animals, and a libertarian theory of contracts. Toward an ethical value of non-aggression, he makes it clear that the state, rather than the great protector, IS the overriding aggressor in society. In short, if you want to reduce aggression in society, you will want to reduce the state.

As always, Rothbard is exceedingly persuasive with his uncompromising logic to explain the virtues of the libertarian view, and to illuminate and analyze flaws in competing theories of ethics and justice.

Obviously, this is not a read likely to be well received by progressives and socialists. It is an unapologetic condemnation of the state as a fundamentally criminal apparatus. That said, if one can approach it with an open mind, The Ethics of Liberty challenges the pervasive conventional-wisdom underlying the statist mentality , in a highly recommended read.
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