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304 pages, Hardcover
First published May 25, 2021
An intellectual is rewarded not so much for reaching the truth as for demonstrating his own mental ability. Recourse to well-established and widely accepted ideas will never demonstrate the mental abilities of the intellectual, however valid its application to a particular question or issue. The intellectual’s virtuosity is shown by recourse to the new, the esoteric, and if possible his own originality in concept or application – whether or not its conclusions are more or less valid than the received wisdom. Intellectuals have an incentive to “study more the reputation of their own wit than the success of another’s business,“ as Hobbes observed more than three centuries ago.
I would look at it differently. I would say – and especially in the United States, I would say: “Why would we expect different groups to do the same?“ I say, “especially in United States,“ because there are very few indigenous Americans. Americans have come here from all over the world. And why would you ever expect the countries that had entirely different histories — located in entirely different climates, different geographies— why would you expect those countries to develop exactly the same mix of skills, to exactly the same degree, so that their people would arrive on these shores in such a way that they would be represented evenly across the board? Especially since even in countries where most of the population is indigenous, you don’t find it there… Nowhere in the world do you find this evenness that people use as a norm. And I find it fascinating that they will hold up as a norm something that has never been seen on this planet, and regard as an anomaly something that is seen in country after country.’
The technology that the Europeans brought to the western hemisphere was not simply the technology of Europe. Because of the geography of the Eurasian landmass, Europeans were able to bring to bear in the Western Hemisphere the cultural features of lands extending far beyond Europe, but incorporated into their civilization. Europeans were able to cross the Atlantic ocean in the first place because they could steer with rudders invented in China, calculate their positions on the open sea through trigonometry invented in Egypt, using numbers created in India. The knowledge that they had accumulated from around the world was preserved in letters invented in China. The military powers they brought with them increasingly depended on weapons using gunpowder, also invented in Asia. The cultural confrontation in the western hemisphere was, in effect, a one-sided struggle between cultures acquired from vast regions of the earth against cultures from much more narrowly circumscribed regions of the New World. Never have the advantages of a wider cultural universe been more dramatically or more devastatingly demonstrated than in the conquests that followed.’
‘The contemporary socioeconomic positions of groups in a given society often bears no relationship to the historic wrongs they have suffered. Both in Canada and the United States, the Japanese have significantly higher incomes than the whites, who have a documented history of severe anti-Japanese discrimination in both countries. The same story could be told of the Chinese in Malaysia, Indonesia, and many other countries around the world, of the Jews in countries with virulent anti-Semitism, and a wide variety of groups in a wide variety of other countries. Among poorer groups as well, the level of poverty often has a little correlation with the degree of oppression. No one would claim that the historic wrongs suffered by Puerto Ricans in the United States exceed those suffered by blacks, but the average Puerto Rican income is lower than the average income of blacks.
None of this proves that historic wrongs have no contemporary effects. Rather it is a statement about the limitations of our knowledge, which is grossly inadequate to the task undertaken and likely to remain so. To pretend to disentangle the innumerable sources of intergroup differences is an exercise in hubris rather than morality.’
The sins of others are always fascinating to human beings, but they are not always the best way to self-development or self-advancement,“ he said. “The moral regeneration of white people might be an interesting project, but I am not sure we have quite that much time to spare. Those who have fought on this front are very much like the generals who like to re-fight the last war instead of preparing for the next struggle.’