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Addiction by Design: Machine Gambling in Las Vegas
Recent decades have seen a dramatic shift away from social forms of gambling played around roulette wheels and card tables to solitary gambling at electronic terminals. Addiction by Design takes readers into the intriguing world of machine gambling, an increasingly popular and absorbing form of play that blurs the line between human and machine, compulsion and control, risk and reward.
Drawing on fifteen years of field research in Las Vegas, anthropologist Natasha Dow Schull shows how the mechanical rhythm of electronic gambling pulls players into a trancelike state they call the "machine zone," in which daily worries, social demands, and even bodily awareness fade away. Once in the zone, gambling addicts play not to win but simply to keep playing, for as long as possible--even at the cost of physical and economic exhaustion. In continuous machine play, gamblers seek to lose themselves while the gambling industry seeks profit. Schull describes the strategic calculations behind game algorithms and machine ergonomics, casino architecture and "ambience management," player tracking and cash access systems--all designed to meet the market's desire for maximum "time on device." Her account moves from casino floors into gamblers' everyday lives, from gambling industry conventions and Gamblers Anonymous meetings to regulatory debates over whether addiction to gambling machines stems from the consumer, the product, or the interplay between the two.
Addiction by Design is a compelling inquiry into the intensifying traffic between people and machines of chance, offering clues to some of the broader anxieties and predicaments of contemporary life.
Drawing on fifteen years of field research in Las Vegas, anthropologist Natasha Dow Schull shows how the mechanical rhythm of electronic gambling pulls players into a trancelike state they call the "machine zone," in which daily worries, social demands, and even bodily awareness fade away. Once in the zone, gambling addicts play not to win but simply to keep playing, for as long as possible--even at the cost of physical and economic exhaustion. In continuous machine play, gamblers seek to lose themselves while the gambling industry seeks profit. Schull describes the strategic calculations behind game algorithms and machine ergonomics, casino architecture and "ambience management," player tracking and cash access systems--all designed to meet the market's desire for maximum "time on device." Her account moves from casino floors into gamblers' everyday lives, from gambling industry conventions and Gamblers Anonymous meetings to regulatory debates over whether addiction to gambling machines stems from the consumer, the product, or the interplay between the two.
Addiction by Design is a compelling inquiry into the intensifying traffic between people and machines of chance, offering clues to some of the broader anxieties and predicaments of contemporary life.
456 pages, Hardcover
First published June 1, 2012
About the author
Natasha Dow Schüll
2 books38 followersNatasha Dow Schüll's graduated Summa Cum Laude from UC Berkeley’s Department of Anthropology in 1993 and returned to receive her Ph.D. in 2003. She held postdoctoral positions as a Robert Wood Johnson Health and Society Scholar at Columbia University’s Institute for Social and Economic Research and Policy and as a fellow at NYU’s International Center for Advanced Studies. She joined MIT's Program in Science, Technology, and Society in 2007 and was awarded tenure in early 2015, before moving to NYU.
Schüll’s research has been supported by the National Science Foundation, the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, the Woodrow Wilson Foundation, and the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, among other sources. Schüll’s research and op-eds have been featured in such national media venues as 60 minutes, The New York Times, The Economist, The Atlantic, The Washington Post, Capital Gazette, Financial Times, Forbes, Boston Globe, Salon, Chicago Tribune, Chicago Daily Herald, Las Vegas Sun, 99% Invisible, NPR, WGBH, and WNYC.
Schüll’s research has been supported by the National Science Foundation, the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, the Woodrow Wilson Foundation, and the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, among other sources. Schüll’s research and op-eds have been featured in such national media venues as 60 minutes, The New York Times, The Economist, The Atlantic, The Washington Post, Capital Gazette, Financial Times, Forbes, Boston Globe, Salon, Chicago Tribune, Chicago Daily Herald, Las Vegas Sun, 99% Invisible, NPR, WGBH, and WNYC.
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Displaying 1 - 30 of 109 reviews
December 13, 2012
This is one of the best, most engaging academic books I have read in a long time. I am an academic, and my field of study is addiction. Needless to say, this kind of writing is totally my bag. However, I didn't just enjoy this book because I am a total nerd for the subject matter. Schull is also just a really good writer. I found her text approachable and engaging. She has a really excellent sense of narrative and flow, and her organization is linear, thematically sound, and well organized. I also LOVE that her chapters are all about 20-30 pages. All of this means that I read through it faster, processed the complex arguments more easily, and retained more of the content and message as I read along. It's an interesting book, but it's also just really well designed and put together.
I also appreciated that Schull doesn't pick the low hanging fruit of screamy social advocacy and calls of violence and victimization. Instead, she very successfully shows how the terrain of problem gambling and the gambling industry have grown in symbiosis with one another for decades. She shows how individual people are affected by that interaction not only on the casino floor, but also in schools, in casino headquarters, in research labs, testing facilities, in marketing agencies, and even in courts of law. There a a lot of people affected--some of them badly, but blame is very difficult to pin to a single entity, person, technology, or device.
The message of this book, as I read it, is that the physical and psychological realm of machine-based gambling is a leviathan--a leviathan that we all had a hand in building in one way or another--and the shape that it takes today, both on the macro level of corporations and financial statistics and on the micro level of individual players and checking accounts, reveals a great deal about who we are, who we think that we are, and the moral structure of the modern world that we have constructed for ourselves.
I also appreciated that Schull doesn't pick the low hanging fruit of screamy social advocacy and calls of violence and victimization. Instead, she very successfully shows how the terrain of problem gambling and the gambling industry have grown in symbiosis with one another for decades. She shows how individual people are affected by that interaction not only on the casino floor, but also in schools, in casino headquarters, in research labs, testing facilities, in marketing agencies, and even in courts of law. There a a lot of people affected--some of them badly, but blame is very difficult to pin to a single entity, person, technology, or device.
The message of this book, as I read it, is that the physical and psychological realm of machine-based gambling is a leviathan--a leviathan that we all had a hand in building in one way or another--and the shape that it takes today, both on the macro level of corporations and financial statistics and on the micro level of individual players and checking accounts, reveals a great deal about who we are, who we think that we are, and the moral structure of the modern world that we have constructed for ourselves.
April 8, 2022
When I ask Mollie if she is hoping for a big win, she gives a short laugh and a dismissive wave of her hand. “In the beginning there was excitement about winning,” she says, “but the more I gambled, the wiser I got about my chances. Wiser, but also weaker, less able to stop. Today when I win—and I do win, from time to time—I just put it back in the machines. The thing people never understand is that I’m not playing to win.”
Why, then, does she play? “To keep playing—to stay in that machine zone where nothing else matters.”
Schüll's book is based on two concepts - the first is the 'machine zone', a state of calm where the outside environment and even one's own body seems to disappear. Gambling is not entirely done to maintain social status, but as an attempt to stay 'in the zone' as long as possible, betting so often that every single bet is evened out over hundreds or thousands of plays, and surrounded by the visual and auditory stimuli - and the response seems almost to feel in control - given the nature of gambling in electronic machines, the player had a high probability of losing all of the funds, but they felt better while doing so. Anything that keeps the player out of that zone is a distraction.
Consequently, the industry began to realize this in the 1990s, and so engineered video poker or electronic slot machines to cater to this demographic of players who went in for 'the zone'. This was a shift away from players who went for big jackpots and the old card tables. Instead, the shift was to give more players more 'time on device' and as a response to customer needs. This included changing casino or machinery layouts, adding more comfortable chairs, and changing the payout scheduling of machines to allow for more smaller ones, to keep the player engaged for a longer duration.
This is a relationship, but that is the second concept Schüll defines: "asymmetric collusion" between gambler and industry. The gambler wants to be in the zone as long as possible, and the industry wants as much money out of the transaction as possible. When the book shifts from a discussion of the design and engineering of the gambling industry to the gamblers themselves, "giving the customer what they want" becomes addictive.
Schüll draws from multiple theories on the state of 'flow' and 'asymmetric collusion'. For the former, she draws from the psychology of Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi - studying the state of 'flow' or complete focus on a single task, although some of her own interview subjects suggest the behaviorist proposals of B. F. Skinner - push button for reaction, stimulus and response. But additionally, Schüll makes a broader point about "asymmetric collusion" and suggests that this is more than just about electronic gambling, where it may be present in consumer-based industries, especially those with more modern technology. Examples that come to mind today include gambling in video games or 'pay-to-win' setups. And 'flow' itself was described by Csikszentmihalyi in a positive sense in a sense of escaping towards a goal in contrast to escaping something else. She asks the incisive questions here. This is an intriguing and well-written book but also a frightening one.
Why, then, does she play? “To keep playing—to stay in that machine zone where nothing else matters.”
Schüll's book is based on two concepts - the first is the 'machine zone', a state of calm where the outside environment and even one's own body seems to disappear. Gambling is not entirely done to maintain social status, but as an attempt to stay 'in the zone' as long as possible, betting so often that every single bet is evened out over hundreds or thousands of plays, and surrounded by the visual and auditory stimuli - and the response seems almost to feel in control - given the nature of gambling in electronic machines, the player had a high probability of losing all of the funds, but they felt better while doing so. Anything that keeps the player out of that zone is a distraction.
Consequently, the industry began to realize this in the 1990s, and so engineered video poker or electronic slot machines to cater to this demographic of players who went in for 'the zone'. This was a shift away from players who went for big jackpots and the old card tables. Instead, the shift was to give more players more 'time on device' and as a response to customer needs. This included changing casino or machinery layouts, adding more comfortable chairs, and changing the payout scheduling of machines to allow for more smaller ones, to keep the player engaged for a longer duration.
This is a relationship, but that is the second concept Schüll defines: "asymmetric collusion" between gambler and industry. The gambler wants to be in the zone as long as possible, and the industry wants as much money out of the transaction as possible. When the book shifts from a discussion of the design and engineering of the gambling industry to the gamblers themselves, "giving the customer what they want" becomes addictive.
Schüll draws from multiple theories on the state of 'flow' and 'asymmetric collusion'. For the former, she draws from the psychology of Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi - studying the state of 'flow' or complete focus on a single task, although some of her own interview subjects suggest the behaviorist proposals of B. F. Skinner - push button for reaction, stimulus and response. But additionally, Schüll makes a broader point about "asymmetric collusion" and suggests that this is more than just about electronic gambling, where it may be present in consumer-based industries, especially those with more modern technology. Examples that come to mind today include gambling in video games or 'pay-to-win' setups. And 'flow' itself was described by Csikszentmihalyi in a positive sense in a sense of escaping towards a goal in contrast to escaping something else. She asks the incisive questions here. This is an intriguing and well-written book but also a frightening one.
September 8, 2021
I’ve never been to Las Vegas or played a slot machine in my life - my gambling has been limited to the scratch and wins my grandma would tuck inside birthday cards and the occasional lottery ticket bought after a rough day at my work. But I was utterly wrapped up in this study of machine gambling and addiction. The author is a cultural anthropologist who focuses on technology. From the late 90s to 2007, she immersed herself in the topic, spending time in casinos, Gamblers Anonymous meetings, online forums, and industry expos, and interviewing casino managers, gamblers, game designers, and others. It’s very much an academic study, with lots of grounding in theory. But it was a fascinating read, and feels important. I read a library copy, but might order one of my own - I think I might well want to return to it in future when thinking about technology, addiction, markets.
There was so much in here that was new to me. I would have assumed, for example, that compulsive gamblers are chasing the elusive high of a win. But for the people addicted to machine gambling, the draw is ‘time on device’ and their relationship with the machine, the way that it enables them to shut out everything else. Wins can be just another distraction that slows down their interaction with the machine, unless they can feed the win right back in seamlessly as a credit. “A zone in which time, space, and social identity are suspended in the mechanical rhythm of a repeating process…”.
In terms of structure, the first part of the book explores the design of the machines and the spaces they inhabit. Next, Schull turns to the ways that game design has adapted to and has adapted gamblers, the ways the industry tracks player data, how gamblers relate to the machines, the nature of machine gambling addiction (described as a ‘co-production’ between the player and the product), and competing responses to addiction. I can only imagine how the technology of the games and the data mining has ‘improved’ since the time of her research, a sobering thought. Thorough, and excellent.
There was so much in here that was new to me. I would have assumed, for example, that compulsive gamblers are chasing the elusive high of a win. But for the people addicted to machine gambling, the draw is ‘time on device’ and their relationship with the machine, the way that it enables them to shut out everything else. Wins can be just another distraction that slows down their interaction with the machine, unless they can feed the win right back in seamlessly as a credit. “A zone in which time, space, and social identity are suspended in the mechanical rhythm of a repeating process…”.
In terms of structure, the first part of the book explores the design of the machines and the spaces they inhabit. Next, Schull turns to the ways that game design has adapted to and has adapted gamblers, the ways the industry tracks player data, how gamblers relate to the machines, the nature of machine gambling addiction (described as a ‘co-production’ between the player and the product), and competing responses to addiction. I can only imagine how the technology of the games and the data mining has ‘improved’ since the time of her research, a sobering thought. Thorough, and excellent.
December 31, 2016
One of the most fascinating books I've ever read. It had everything I love - architecture, design, psychology, business, public policy! I have no interest in gambling, so I was surprised by how much I enjoyed this book.
The book is thorough yet covers a lot of topics, including the environmental design of casinos, the design and ergonomics of machines, how electronic slot machines are mapped so it looks like the odds are better, why people gamble, the way games adapt to players, the massive amount of data collected by player reward cards, the actions of gaming industry lobby groups and impact on government policies, and theories and issues related to recovery from gambling addiction.
It is well-researched, written in an accessible way, and interspersed by real quotes and stories from game designers, casino managers, academic researchers, and gambling addicts. The stories are integrated into the flow of the book, and not just tossed in as side-bar quotes.
I suspect my husband will be pleased I've finished reading this so I'll stop talking about it... "Did you know that 90% of Harrah's income comes from 10% of its gamblers?", "Casino architects make the ceilings low and cram the machines close together so people feel safe and cocooned and can get lost in the game", etc. It's that sort of book!
The book is thorough yet covers a lot of topics, including the environmental design of casinos, the design and ergonomics of machines, how electronic slot machines are mapped so it looks like the odds are better, why people gamble, the way games adapt to players, the massive amount of data collected by player reward cards, the actions of gaming industry lobby groups and impact on government policies, and theories and issues related to recovery from gambling addiction.
It is well-researched, written in an accessible way, and interspersed by real quotes and stories from game designers, casino managers, academic researchers, and gambling addicts. The stories are integrated into the flow of the book, and not just tossed in as side-bar quotes.
I suspect my husband will be pleased I've finished reading this so I'll stop talking about it... "Did you know that 90% of Harrah's income comes from 10% of its gamblers?", "Casino architects make the ceilings low and cram the machines close together so people feel safe and cocooned and can get lost in the game", etc. It's that sort of book!
October 12, 2022
An impressive book, a very detailed deep dive into a dark design problem: how do you maximize gambling addicts' desire to play and spend money?
December 30, 2023
One of the best books out there on how casinos work. I always thought that casinos were simply a place where you put together a bunch of gambling equipment randomly and you were good to go, and boy, wrong would still be a benign word for that notion. This book cleared that VERY flawed notion and provided a much needed insight into what goes into the meticulous planning of a casino so that the most amount of value can be extracted from the patrons. The author has done a wonderful job with the research and the in-depth interviews.
April 26, 2022
My main takeaway is anyone representing the gambling industry, fighting for it, or managing or running it deserves *****.
I'm not sure why, but I heard this book mentioned twice over the past few months and decided to read through it. The USA Gambling industry posted record profits in 2021, partially due to the increased presence of online gambling, sports betting, etc...
Countless tales of ruined lives, people at their bottom falling even lower, just to lose all their money to some chump named "Mark" or "Stan" who wants to maximize player revenue.. that's the gambling industry.
As a game developer, it wasn't that surprising to see insight into how the design of the games are manipulated - but what WAS new was that the focus of the design shifted since the '90s. It went from 'making it seem easier to win, but not' (with penny slots, more rows on slots) - to shifting to maximizing user engagement, or screen time. In another, nearby medium of entertainment, we might call this metric 'total playtime'. The public-facing rhetoric of the gambling industry is to maximize user comfort and make the experience difficult to stop or break away from.
More disturbing is how the rise of the digitizing gambling industry in the '90s and '00s seems to lead nicely into the rise of microtransaction-based games, gacha games, app-based gambling games. And ALL of these games follow modified design principles in gambling. The use of in-game credits instead of money (in order obfuscate the relation of money to credits), the user-retention strategy, the skinner box design, the sociopath 20-something game developer fuck who's just tweaking the design because they want to make a 'fun experience'.
In fact, the overall transformation of the videogaming industry in the past 15 years seems to be trying to toe the line between shitty gambling games and 'videogames'. It's not even just the worst examples of gacha games like Genshin or AAA stuff like Assassin's Creed - it's become 'common knowledge' even amongst indie game developers that infinite playtime is a goal to strive for - maximizing screen time, maximizing the number of content creators streaming a game, attracting more and more people and their money.
While videogames have always had the ability to cause self-annihilation, they've gotten even better than before at doing so. It's weird how much contemporary game designers have absorbed gambling-based beliefs and now view it as 'good practice' - retention, engagement, trying to 'maximize the player experience' which is veiled, self-deluded way of trying to keep people playing your dumb skinner box game.
I hear the same arguments from 'leftist' indie developers about gacha games - how they're not problematic because people can simply 'choose to play less' - echoing the same talk that gambling industry shills will say when they refuse to regulate how the machines work (choosing to put responsibility onto the individual).
Well, anyways, I guess this book makes me wonder what exactly transpired in the past 10 years of the gambling industry (as it kind of ends around 2010). Also if the USA financial crisis has any relation to the rise of app-based gaming or streaming or something.
I'm not sure why, but I heard this book mentioned twice over the past few months and decided to read through it. The USA Gambling industry posted record profits in 2021, partially due to the increased presence of online gambling, sports betting, etc...
Countless tales of ruined lives, people at their bottom falling even lower, just to lose all their money to some chump named "Mark" or "Stan" who wants to maximize player revenue.. that's the gambling industry.
As a game developer, it wasn't that surprising to see insight into how the design of the games are manipulated - but what WAS new was that the focus of the design shifted since the '90s. It went from 'making it seem easier to win, but not' (with penny slots, more rows on slots) - to shifting to maximizing user engagement, or screen time. In another, nearby medium of entertainment, we might call this metric 'total playtime'. The public-facing rhetoric of the gambling industry is to maximize user comfort and make the experience difficult to stop or break away from.
More disturbing is how the rise of the digitizing gambling industry in the '90s and '00s seems to lead nicely into the rise of microtransaction-based games, gacha games, app-based gambling games. And ALL of these games follow modified design principles in gambling. The use of in-game credits instead of money (in order obfuscate the relation of money to credits), the user-retention strategy, the skinner box design, the sociopath 20-something game developer fuck who's just tweaking the design because they want to make a 'fun experience'.
In fact, the overall transformation of the videogaming industry in the past 15 years seems to be trying to toe the line between shitty gambling games and 'videogames'. It's not even just the worst examples of gacha games like Genshin or AAA stuff like Assassin's Creed - it's become 'common knowledge' even amongst indie game developers that infinite playtime is a goal to strive for - maximizing screen time, maximizing the number of content creators streaming a game, attracting more and more people and their money.
While videogames have always had the ability to cause self-annihilation, they've gotten even better than before at doing so. It's weird how much contemporary game designers have absorbed gambling-based beliefs and now view it as 'good practice' - retention, engagement, trying to 'maximize the player experience' which is veiled, self-deluded way of trying to keep people playing your dumb skinner box game.
I hear the same arguments from 'leftist' indie developers about gacha games - how they're not problematic because people can simply 'choose to play less' - echoing the same talk that gambling industry shills will say when they refuse to regulate how the machines work (choosing to put responsibility onto the individual).
Well, anyways, I guess this book makes me wonder what exactly transpired in the past 10 years of the gambling industry (as it kind of ends around 2010). Also if the USA financial crisis has any relation to the rise of app-based gaming or streaming or something.
August 20, 2023
This book took over my brain this summer! I can’t count the amount of times I brought it up in conversation.
Dow-Shüll provides a precise examination of the human/machine relationship under late stage capitalism. It’s about gambling, but it’s really about everythingggg. Highly recommend.
Dow-Shüll provides a precise examination of the human/machine relationship under late stage capitalism. It’s about gambling, but it’s really about everythingggg. Highly recommend.
April 29, 2019
The most striking aspect of this book for me is brought up early and often in this volume: gambling addicts know they're going to lose. The incentives for the problem gambler have been assembled at the intersection of psychological disorder, product design, capitalist economics, and local regulation. The objective: increase the time on device for an addicted customer.
This interaction is the product of many defensible decisions, but has a devastating effect on the lives and finances of real people: so called "player extinction". This book's 300+ pages paint a harrowing picture of an industry which knowingly makes a drastically disproportionate percentage of revenues on the backs of people it encourages into a psychological malady. Simply fascinating. ****/*****.
This interaction is the product of many defensible decisions, but has a devastating effect on the lives and finances of real people: so called "player extinction". This book's 300+ pages paint a harrowing picture of an industry which knowingly makes a drastically disproportionate percentage of revenues on the backs of people it encourages into a psychological malady. Simply fascinating. ****/*****.
Read
January 5, 2014In this book about how people who play video poker and slot machines play not for the reward of winning money, but for the reward of being able to play longer, there's list of preconditions for an activity that lets you get into the state of "flow" (which you sometimes achieve, for instance, when programming) where your sense of time fades along with your concern for the troubles of everyday life:
1. each moment of the activity must have a little goal
2. the rules for attaining that goal must be clear
3. the activity must give immediate feedback so that one has certainty, moment to moment, where one stands
4. the tasks of the activity must be matched with operational skills, bestowing a sense of simultaneous control and challenge
And I thought, HOLY CRAP THIS IS WHY KERBAL SPACE PROGRAM IS SO ADDICTIVE.
1. each moment of the activity must have a little goal
2. the rules for attaining that goal must be clear
3. the activity must give immediate feedback so that one has certainty, moment to moment, where one stands
4. the tasks of the activity must be matched with operational skills, bestowing a sense of simultaneous control and challenge
And I thought, HOLY CRAP THIS IS WHY KERBAL SPACE PROGRAM IS SO ADDICTIVE.
October 7, 2018
Interesting but gets a bit tedious towards the last quarter. Could have been paced better. Could have been edited down to about 70% or expanded to add a lot more about the actual machinations that they refer to but never really get into the mechanics or maths of.
September 19, 2022
As gambling as shifted unrecognisably away from being a place of ‘fatefulness’ and of social, competitive thrills as in the 1960s, it’s developed into a highly designed, solitary activity where players can access the numbing, affectless ‘machine zone’ and corporations can reap its complement of ‘continuous gaming productivity’. With precise and elegant writing Schüll examines all aspects of the current machine gambling paradigm, the people, ideas and machines that make up the industry in a tour de force of social science that employs anthropology, sociology, psychology and economics with a philosophical backbone of Foucault and Delueze to craft a comprehensive analysis. Throughout, the book elucidates the dynamic linkages between the many different agents and their outputs in the industry, such as how a feedback loop operates between the continually evolving mathematical payoff schedule of the machine that optimises for the ‘machine zone’ and players who become ever more accustomed to greater flow and ‘time on device’. The culminating example of these dynamic linkages is the question of gambling addiction: it’s an emergent property with a vast number of interlinked causes, from physical and digital architecture, data driven nudges in advertising, the exacerbating nature of most addiction treatments and the susceptibility of the players themselves.
Interestingly, while Schüll does write about the common features of volatility and unexpected tragedies in problem gambler’s lives (linking this with the Freudian death drive) and hypothesises that this might cause them to find safety in the ‘machine zone’, she does not discuss in detail the possible heritability of gambling addiction. Naturally, this is made much more difficult by the co-opting of this research by industry backed institutes and academics, but I would have liked to have seen more of a discussion on this beyond the necessary but obvious refutation that individuals (which I understand as the sum of a player’s life events, genetic predisposition and their partly overlapping sense of personal responsibility) are not wholly responsible for their addiction.
I was inspired to read this partly by seeing the machine zone applied to social media in a direct analogy between machine gambling and Twitter. However, when the psychologist Csikszentmihalyi’s ‘flow’ concept was raised, I found myself reflecting on my own habits and activities beyond social media, and how under the right conditions chess, for example, can become self-destroying and an ‘escape backward’ just like machine gambling. In addition, I read this in Australia, home to the country with the highest person per machine ratio in the world (eighty people for every machine!). I even accidentally visited the largest casino in the Southern Hemisphere in Melbourne where ‘pokies’ and baccarat tables played by Asian junkets compete for space in a labyrinthine, sweepingly surveilled complex.
Finally, the book was published in 2012, so how has it held it up ten years later? Schüll did not make any specific predictions beyond that her methodological framework would become increasingly applicable, and in that she was certainly right. The ideas of the book, especially the ‘machine zone’ and the mechanisms by which it is reached, have proliferated into all areas of life that to talk about the dangerous, addictive excesses of social media and frictionless stock investing in 2022 seem like the height of early 2010s naïveté. In a strange way, I think there is something nostalgic about this analysis of a straightforwardly exploitative, evasive industry that acts in collusion with the government to collect a regressive tax on the weakest part of society. Gambling is one of the original vices together with tobacco and alcohol that dominated the 20th century and in that sense, while Schüll is of course depicting its metastasis into an asymmetric, solitary activity, the books concern with gambling feels like the product of a much simpler time. I think this is connected to the rise of what the sociologist Aris Komporozos-Athanasiou calls speculative communities as the world becomes further uncertain and financialised as platforms such as Uber, crypto markets and Airbnb proliferate. This ever-present requirement in society to be the self-managing, actuarial being that Schüll writes as being both subverted and conformed to by problem machine gamblers has increased for everyone to create a disturbing, constant background buzz for everyday life.
Overall, this book is fascinating and indirectly complements other canonical depictions of growing American atomisation and nihilism.
Interestingly, while Schüll does write about the common features of volatility and unexpected tragedies in problem gambler’s lives (linking this with the Freudian death drive) and hypothesises that this might cause them to find safety in the ‘machine zone’, she does not discuss in detail the possible heritability of gambling addiction. Naturally, this is made much more difficult by the co-opting of this research by industry backed institutes and academics, but I would have liked to have seen more of a discussion on this beyond the necessary but obvious refutation that individuals (which I understand as the sum of a player’s life events, genetic predisposition and their partly overlapping sense of personal responsibility) are not wholly responsible for their addiction.
I was inspired to read this partly by seeing the machine zone applied to social media in a direct analogy between machine gambling and Twitter. However, when the psychologist Csikszentmihalyi’s ‘flow’ concept was raised, I found myself reflecting on my own habits and activities beyond social media, and how under the right conditions chess, for example, can become self-destroying and an ‘escape backward’ just like machine gambling. In addition, I read this in Australia, home to the country with the highest person per machine ratio in the world (eighty people for every machine!). I even accidentally visited the largest casino in the Southern Hemisphere in Melbourne where ‘pokies’ and baccarat tables played by Asian junkets compete for space in a labyrinthine, sweepingly surveilled complex.
Finally, the book was published in 2012, so how has it held it up ten years later? Schüll did not make any specific predictions beyond that her methodological framework would become increasingly applicable, and in that she was certainly right. The ideas of the book, especially the ‘machine zone’ and the mechanisms by which it is reached, have proliferated into all areas of life that to talk about the dangerous, addictive excesses of social media and frictionless stock investing in 2022 seem like the height of early 2010s naïveté. In a strange way, I think there is something nostalgic about this analysis of a straightforwardly exploitative, evasive industry that acts in collusion with the government to collect a regressive tax on the weakest part of society. Gambling is one of the original vices together with tobacco and alcohol that dominated the 20th century and in that sense, while Schüll is of course depicting its metastasis into an asymmetric, solitary activity, the books concern with gambling feels like the product of a much simpler time. I think this is connected to the rise of what the sociologist Aris Komporozos-Athanasiou calls speculative communities as the world becomes further uncertain and financialised as platforms such as Uber, crypto markets and Airbnb proliferate. This ever-present requirement in society to be the self-managing, actuarial being that Schüll writes as being both subverted and conformed to by problem machine gamblers has increased for everyone to create a disturbing, constant background buzz for everyday life.
Overall, this book is fascinating and indirectly complements other canonical depictions of growing American atomisation and nihilism.
May 2, 2021
A really good book on a very narrow topic - the addiction of people to machine gambling in Las Vegas. Dow Schull is a true academic which is a good thing. She has done thorough research - reviewing other research, attending conferences, talking to the people who are the subjects of her research. Her conclusions are pretty startling, at least to me. Machine gamblers are fully aware that they will lose as the odds are with the house. And as a first year course in statistics will teach us, with every successive game that the odds are against the player, the money eventually runs out. Their goal is not to beat the odds, but to last as long as possible totally in the zone they enter when machine gambling. These problem gamblers are in a special zone when they are interacting with the machines. We hear stories of people spending many many hours in front of the video poker games with strategies on how to keep themselves fed and attending to the other needs of nature so that their time away from the machine is minimal.
Dow Schull explores machine gambling from all perspective - how casinos lay out the floorspace for their games, the best acoustics and colours, the hardware that is ergonomically right for the gamblers, the best screen interface, and the software that runs the machine. Finally, we meet the gamblers themselves. So sad.
It's hard not to conclude from the book that these games should be condemned and banned. Obviously that's never going to happen. But the problem has gotten worse as state and provincial governments have rushed in to to the video game gambling business. And the usual conundrums are there. Is it machines or gamblers that are the problem? If you slow down the games or put other controls on them, will gamblers not find work arounds?
Dow Schull explores machine gambling from all perspective - how casinos lay out the floorspace for their games, the best acoustics and colours, the hardware that is ergonomically right for the gamblers, the best screen interface, and the software that runs the machine. Finally, we meet the gamblers themselves. So sad.
It's hard not to conclude from the book that these games should be condemned and banned. Obviously that's never going to happen. But the problem has gotten worse as state and provincial governments have rushed in to to the video game gambling business. And the usual conundrums are there. Is it machines or gamblers that are the problem? If you slow down the games or put other controls on them, will gamblers not find work arounds?
May 9, 2023
A masterful book, at times slow and a bit clunky only because Schull is trying to do so much. Among the best academic monographs I’ve ever read and certain to remain an exemplar for mapping the intimate entanglements between people and technology (for the next decade or so, at least).
I discussed this book in a recent article on sports betting apps: https://unherd.com/2023/05/sports-bet...
(Ignore the title; I don’t write those!)
I discussed this book in a recent article on sports betting apps: https://unherd.com/2023/05/sports-bet...
(Ignore the title; I don’t write those!)
November 6, 2022
I'd love to see more like this, is there anything like empirical data-driven "dark pattern" books for lootbox gacha games
May 16, 2023
Woo woo, best book on pokie design you’ll ever read
May 31, 2021
On one level, gambling is a perfectly voluntary exchange. Even if an individual knows they'll lose money in the medium-to-long run, it still may be a rational choice to gamble, as the fun benefit may counterbalance the house edge. It certainly helps to know the games with the slimmest house edges as well, and go into it with a working knowledge of probability.
This book is about everything casinos and patrons do to reject that account of gambling. Casinos (and in particular, slot machines) use every psychological trick available to them to make the exchange as bad faith as possible: they purposefully give people false expectations of the odds (near misses, virtual reels), they disguise losses as wins, the design their casino floors with gradual curving paths that lead to comfortable nooks in which a particularly addled gambler would never think to leave. They do absolutely everything in their power to extract every dollar from you that they can. And they openly admit this.
And here's the thing: as the book clearly explains, this is only half the story. The reason this industry is this way is because that's what degenrate gamblers WANT. They want to be left along in the zone and see their funds dissolve into nothing, they want to forget about their problems and kill time.
The accounts of the tactics that casinos/slot machine manufacturers employ were interesting and sometimes shocking in their brazenness. The accounts of the gamblers' stories were heartbreaking and sometimes unfathomable. What you have here is a sort of cross between a symbiotic and parasitic relationship, like a male praying mantis going to reproduce knowing it will get its head bitten off.
This is where the book shines, in clearly laying out the shared relationship nature of gambling addiction. It is not just a product of the casino industry preying on unsuspecting victims (though it is in part) and it is not just a bunch of weak-willed people who don't know when to say "when" (though it is a particular pathology that makes one more likely to fall victim to such a misdirected desire - often a desire for control where that need is not being met elsewhere).
However, the tack the book takes around that strong core thesis is very frustrating and very unsatisfying. The author takes every opportunity to draw parallels to Marx, Freud, Derrida, Max Weber, etc... which I suppose would be fine except it does NOT really help us understand the topic at hand, but merely serves to further a separate point regarding the supposed flaws of modern consumer capitalism. In addition to being not all that convincing of this separate point, it leads the author to some truly bewildering comparisons like how gambling is like early industrial capitalism because the both involve a "quick movement of the hand" and how stocks and bonds, hedge funds etc are just money to be "played with" which parallels how casinos treat in house credits.
Some of the references to sociological theorist are more enlightening. In particular the discussion of Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi's concept of "Flow" really is an excellent framework to explore the compulsions of many gamblers. Unlike the flimsy parallels above, from the quotes and accounts of the addicted gamblers, it really does seem that many of then were seeking or describing a state of Flow.
What to do about the status quo is left a bit open ended, unsatisfyingly so. All the author says on this point is that modern regulations are not as comprehensive as they could be (in part due to regulatory capture of the sector, a point to which I am sympathetic) and laments the trajectory of inevitable expansion of the industry.
If you can move past these sub par elements (which can get a bit much in places but is ultimately not fatal to the book's main thesis) this is an excellent run down on the many concerns in the modern gambling industry.
3.5 stars
This book is about everything casinos and patrons do to reject that account of gambling. Casinos (and in particular, slot machines) use every psychological trick available to them to make the exchange as bad faith as possible: they purposefully give people false expectations of the odds (near misses, virtual reels), they disguise losses as wins, the design their casino floors with gradual curving paths that lead to comfortable nooks in which a particularly addled gambler would never think to leave. They do absolutely everything in their power to extract every dollar from you that they can. And they openly admit this.
And here's the thing: as the book clearly explains, this is only half the story. The reason this industry is this way is because that's what degenrate gamblers WANT. They want to be left along in the zone and see their funds dissolve into nothing, they want to forget about their problems and kill time.
The accounts of the tactics that casinos/slot machine manufacturers employ were interesting and sometimes shocking in their brazenness. The accounts of the gamblers' stories were heartbreaking and sometimes unfathomable. What you have here is a sort of cross between a symbiotic and parasitic relationship, like a male praying mantis going to reproduce knowing it will get its head bitten off.
This is where the book shines, in clearly laying out the shared relationship nature of gambling addiction. It is not just a product of the casino industry preying on unsuspecting victims (though it is in part) and it is not just a bunch of weak-willed people who don't know when to say "when" (though it is a particular pathology that makes one more likely to fall victim to such a misdirected desire - often a desire for control where that need is not being met elsewhere).
However, the tack the book takes around that strong core thesis is very frustrating and very unsatisfying. The author takes every opportunity to draw parallels to Marx, Freud, Derrida, Max Weber, etc... which I suppose would be fine except it does NOT really help us understand the topic at hand, but merely serves to further a separate point regarding the supposed flaws of modern consumer capitalism. In addition to being not all that convincing of this separate point, it leads the author to some truly bewildering comparisons like how gambling is like early industrial capitalism because the both involve a "quick movement of the hand" and how stocks and bonds, hedge funds etc are just money to be "played with" which parallels how casinos treat in house credits.
Some of the references to sociological theorist are more enlightening. In particular the discussion of Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi's concept of "Flow" really is an excellent framework to explore the compulsions of many gamblers. Unlike the flimsy parallels above, from the quotes and accounts of the addicted gamblers, it really does seem that many of then were seeking or describing a state of Flow.
What to do about the status quo is left a bit open ended, unsatisfyingly so. All the author says on this point is that modern regulations are not as comprehensive as they could be (in part due to regulatory capture of the sector, a point to which I am sympathetic) and laments the trajectory of inevitable expansion of the industry.
If you can move past these sub par elements (which can get a bit much in places but is ultimately not fatal to the book's main thesis) this is an excellent run down on the many concerns in the modern gambling industry.
3.5 stars
May 24, 2022
4.5/5
A bit too niche for my taste, but a good read generally regarding the potential root causes of addiction in 21st century capitalist society i.e. a burning desire to escape from the everyday pressures of "self-optimization" culture. I want to shout out the "user experience" breakdown here the author provides re: modern day casino floor plans, gambling machines, and rewards programs (TLDR: beware of compounding probabilities and random number generators, also..."adaptive" play speeds). Everything is symbiotic and we are all cyborgs, apparently.
On this note: I suppose the idea that everyone has the capacity to develop addictive habits and tendencies, and that part of (if not a lot) of the blame must go towards the designers of these gaming/gambling machines is both comforting and saddening. The world at large is inherently manipulative and the goal is nothing more than profit taking i.e. from a macro-perspective it's often not the individual's fault (as with shit like climate change too). I was hoping we'd get a bit more critique/recommendations addressing how to go about the potential "break-up" of this symbiosis.
In this respect it's a bit like Zuboff's "Age of Surveillance Capitalism" in that it lays out all key "holes" in one's understanding of a very specific phenomena, but it refuses to get down and dirty with how to eradicate such holes.
To end, while the book and Dow's framework and her research was nothing short of thorough and amazing, I do wish that the author was more explicit in her stances on the whole symbiotic relationship between machines/gambling addicts, and more pointed in her recommendations on what casino operators/legislators needed to do to protect addiction-sufferers more.
P.S.
That Lotus Hotel and Casino shit from Percy Jackson where they get frozen in time...more on the nose than I thought. Not sure if I like Rick Riordan more or less now that I know that he didn't have to go too far to stretch the whole Lotus Eaters = gamblers suspended in timeless zone shtick.
A bit too niche for my taste, but a good read generally regarding the potential root causes of addiction in 21st century capitalist society i.e. a burning desire to escape from the everyday pressures of "self-optimization" culture. I want to shout out the "user experience" breakdown here the author provides re: modern day casino floor plans, gambling machines, and rewards programs (TLDR: beware of compounding probabilities and random number generators, also..."adaptive" play speeds). Everything is symbiotic and we are all cyborgs, apparently.
On this note: I suppose the idea that everyone has the capacity to develop addictive habits and tendencies, and that part of (if not a lot) of the blame must go towards the designers of these gaming/gambling machines is both comforting and saddening. The world at large is inherently manipulative and the goal is nothing more than profit taking i.e. from a macro-perspective it's often not the individual's fault (as with shit like climate change too). I was hoping we'd get a bit more critique/recommendations addressing how to go about the potential "break-up" of this symbiosis.
In this respect it's a bit like Zuboff's "Age of Surveillance Capitalism" in that it lays out all key "holes" in one's understanding of a very specific phenomena, but it refuses to get down and dirty with how to eradicate such holes.
To end, while the book and Dow's framework and her research was nothing short of thorough and amazing, I do wish that the author was more explicit in her stances on the whole symbiotic relationship between machines/gambling addicts, and more pointed in her recommendations on what casino operators/legislators needed to do to protect addiction-sufferers more.
P.S.
That Lotus Hotel and Casino shit from Percy Jackson where they get frozen in time...more on the nose than I thought. Not sure if I like Rick Riordan more or less now that I know that he didn't have to go too far to stretch the whole Lotus Eaters = gamblers suspended in timeless zone shtick.
June 7, 2021
This academic work is a thorough explanation of how people become addicted to machine gambling (slots, video poker, and so on), and the cultural contradictions inherent in most treatment strategies. Schüll argues that machine gambling is misunderstood, both in the previous academic literature and in culture at large. Its appeal is different from that of table games; whereas those games offer gamblers a macho thrill of calculated risk, machine gamblers do not play to win, or even to teeter on the knife's edge. Instead, they play to enter a simplified zone of decision-making, where the tumultuous uncertainty inherent in life has been smoothed and reorganized into clear binary states with clear inputs and outputs. Although a slot machine's visual representation of the odds is often dishonest--"near misses" can be programmed to appear more often than the odds would suggest, to spur players on--the actual statuses become clear through repeated play.
Those who wish to leave the zone have to navigate a city where gambling is enmeshed with the biggest employers, and with staples such as food and transit. But escaping Vegas is daunting because it also has the largest and most sophisticated support community for gambling addicts.
Schüll's book has taken on a second life as a prophetic account of social media addiction. Many of her lessons can be ported over to the way we interact with Twitter or Tiktok, where we pay with personal information instead of chips. Online is even harder to escape than Vegas. But I want to stress that Schüll herself does not push this connection, and shouldn't be blamed for any problems in application.
Addiction by Design marshals a variety of interesting sources, from industry conferences to ethnography to the Congressional record. Her treatment of cultural theory can sometimes feel tacked on, as if it were a professional obligation. Bruno Latour and Gilles Deleuze are extremely helpful here, Freud not so much.
Those who wish to leave the zone have to navigate a city where gambling is enmeshed with the biggest employers, and with staples such as food and transit. But escaping Vegas is daunting because it also has the largest and most sophisticated support community for gambling addicts.
Schüll's book has taken on a second life as a prophetic account of social media addiction. Many of her lessons can be ported over to the way we interact with Twitter or Tiktok, where we pay with personal information instead of chips. Online is even harder to escape than Vegas. But I want to stress that Schüll herself does not push this connection, and shouldn't be blamed for any problems in application.
Addiction by Design marshals a variety of interesting sources, from industry conferences to ethnography to the Congressional record. Her treatment of cultural theory can sometimes feel tacked on, as if it were a professional obligation. Bruno Latour and Gilles Deleuze are extremely helpful here, Freud not so much.
August 16, 2020
Machine gambling is a bellwether for the dangers of the human/machine encounter. Machine gambling is, as prof dow-schull reveals, more bizarre beneath the surface. Basically repeat gamblers will spend not just excessive -- barely physically plausible -- amounts of time gambling on machines. They will not go to the bathroom, not eat, and refuse to be disturbed. Dow Schull cites cases where players did not move from their seats when a neighbor is on the floor convulsing from a heart attack, becoming an impediment to paramedics.
The genius of the game design is hardly revolutionary -- basic positive reinforcement with variable-reward scheduling -- rather the way the players are sucked in to the elusive 'zone,' the way the designers continually ratchet up the intensity of play, and the way the play perfectly stimulates some neural circuits that cause the players to spend maximum time on device is fascinating and horrifying.
Dow Schull's humble choice of subject matter, largely a vice of the elderly, the female, and the working class, and her appraisal of their inescapable hell (TIL casinos will refill oxygen tanks and perscriptions if you play enough!), is inspirational scholarship.
I'm struck by the similarity between wireheading (where one stimulates the pleasures of one's brain) and machine gambling. Also by the way our tiny smartphone 'addictions' could actually be so much worse.
The genius of the game design is hardly revolutionary -- basic positive reinforcement with variable-reward scheduling -- rather the way the players are sucked in to the elusive 'zone,' the way the designers continually ratchet up the intensity of play, and the way the play perfectly stimulates some neural circuits that cause the players to spend maximum time on device is fascinating and horrifying.
Dow Schull's humble choice of subject matter, largely a vice of the elderly, the female, and the working class, and her appraisal of their inescapable hell (TIL casinos will refill oxygen tanks and perscriptions if you play enough!), is inspirational scholarship.
I'm struck by the similarity between wireheading (where one stimulates the pleasures of one's brain) and machine gambling. Also by the way our tiny smartphone 'addictions' could actually be so much worse.
February 15, 2016
Great overview of the gambling business and the addition it's thriving upon. Natasha shows how the gambling ecosystem is designed to create and develop the addiction. The book reflects a solid research work that Natasha conducted. All theses are backed up by examples. All examples are concrete, detailed and linked to the sources. That was a great read.
I've never thought how thoroughly casinos research and design all sides of the gambling experience. AB experiments, big data analysis, user segmentation etc.
I've never thought how thoroughly casinos research and design all sides of the gambling experience. AB experiments, big data analysis, user segmentation etc.
May 9, 2018
A more sincere title would have been "Superstition by mediocre writing style."
August 31, 2023
Narrowly perceived, this is a deeply specific anthropological work about a small population of individuals in a single American city with a particular addiction unique to that specific location and social environment. Broadly perceived, this book is a cipher for many of the discontents of the digital era and the unequal relationship between the designers of material to keep our attentions focused on a device and the confounding relationship between enjoyment and addiction.
One main thesis Schüll presents is that the individuals she studied are drawn deeper and deeper into machine gambling not for a desire to "win big" but instead to enter "the zone" where money can be transformed into "time on device", which becomes an end of itself. Additional gains are not useful insofar as being able to be cashed out, they are useful to buy additional "play" time. She layers on this analysis that the genesis of this addiction is not merely in the human susceptibility to generalized addiction, but the interplay between individuals in metal/social states susceptible to addiction and the systems designed specifically to attract and retain players using as many manipulations as possible.
I use the work "manipulations" advisedly - the point of these machines is to extract as much money as possible from every individual who uses them. And while, of course, every individual can theoretically personally choose whether or not to gamble, when you place a set of conditions that make it easy to start, hard to stop, addictive to continue, and you apply as many tricks as possible in game design, spatial layout, seat ergonomics, payment mechanisms, and integration with devices like smartphones (mostly before they became as ubiquitous as they are now), that is a recipe for capturing a large set of individuals in aggregate. If one side of an equation is spending millions of dollars on ecosystems that tweak human behavior, and the other side is simply "individual will", how could we ever expect the two to balance? The latter will always, if not able to band together for regulations or socioeconomic changes, be outweighed by the former.
This is a manifestation of the "actuarial self", a concept I found illuminatingly described. An individual in a neoliberal society, must stand alone and make rational price decisions about their entire life. School, college, career, training, hours worked, investments made, housing purchases, these are all part of a self-optimizing pathway necessary for human flourishing. We must all be risk-management experts to succeed in such a world. But this "individual choice" falls flat against the sway of larger social forces, whether those be housing shortages, decreased union density, or in this case gambling institutions creating systems specifically to drain individuals of their funds. If all we have as an answer is "people should make better decisions", we will achieve no systematic change.
The parallels to where we are as a society with addiction machines in our pockets is striking. When this book was published in 2012, I was still reluctantly moving away from a blackberry that had no internet connectivity. In 2023, I read this book on my phone in an app right next to entertainment and social media apps (that often have ads for sports gambling I could also do on my phone), all of which are structures that are trying to emulate the addictive qualities described here.
I will note that Schüll both generalizes and breaks down into specifics her conclusions. I'm not a huge reader of anthropological/sociological studies, but I think it's well-handled in both instances. The specific social ills *do* serve as good examples of broader social ills - I think she does not overreach when talking about the "actuarial self" or about individualism or consumerism. But, while contextualizing her analysis in a broader social setting, Schüll also focuses a lot on her very specific subjects. Many of the lessons we can draw would not be fully generalizable because the nature of the work focuses intensively on a very particular set of people. But the humanity they are presented with and the weaving of humanity with machine design that Schüll presents is admirable and important.
There's a huge amount here, a full review of takeaways would be much larger. But generally, I'd say this is hugely important reading, a very human glimpse into these particular social ills, and also a very readably written book about a complex and often depressing topic that Schüll has managed to present in an engaging, sympathetic, and expansive manner.
One main thesis Schüll presents is that the individuals she studied are drawn deeper and deeper into machine gambling not for a desire to "win big" but instead to enter "the zone" where money can be transformed into "time on device", which becomes an end of itself. Additional gains are not useful insofar as being able to be cashed out, they are useful to buy additional "play" time. She layers on this analysis that the genesis of this addiction is not merely in the human susceptibility to generalized addiction, but the interplay between individuals in metal/social states susceptible to addiction and the systems designed specifically to attract and retain players using as many manipulations as possible.
I use the work "manipulations" advisedly - the point of these machines is to extract as much money as possible from every individual who uses them. And while, of course, every individual can theoretically personally choose whether or not to gamble, when you place a set of conditions that make it easy to start, hard to stop, addictive to continue, and you apply as many tricks as possible in game design, spatial layout, seat ergonomics, payment mechanisms, and integration with devices like smartphones (mostly before they became as ubiquitous as they are now), that is a recipe for capturing a large set of individuals in aggregate. If one side of an equation is spending millions of dollars on ecosystems that tweak human behavior, and the other side is simply "individual will", how could we ever expect the two to balance? The latter will always, if not able to band together for regulations or socioeconomic changes, be outweighed by the former.
This is a manifestation of the "actuarial self", a concept I found illuminatingly described. An individual in a neoliberal society, must stand alone and make rational price decisions about their entire life. School, college, career, training, hours worked, investments made, housing purchases, these are all part of a self-optimizing pathway necessary for human flourishing. We must all be risk-management experts to succeed in such a world. But this "individual choice" falls flat against the sway of larger social forces, whether those be housing shortages, decreased union density, or in this case gambling institutions creating systems specifically to drain individuals of their funds. If all we have as an answer is "people should make better decisions", we will achieve no systematic change.
The parallels to where we are as a society with addiction machines in our pockets is striking. When this book was published in 2012, I was still reluctantly moving away from a blackberry that had no internet connectivity. In 2023, I read this book on my phone in an app right next to entertainment and social media apps (that often have ads for sports gambling I could also do on my phone), all of which are structures that are trying to emulate the addictive qualities described here.
I will note that Schüll both generalizes and breaks down into specifics her conclusions. I'm not a huge reader of anthropological/sociological studies, but I think it's well-handled in both instances. The specific social ills *do* serve as good examples of broader social ills - I think she does not overreach when talking about the "actuarial self" or about individualism or consumerism. But, while contextualizing her analysis in a broader social setting, Schüll also focuses a lot on her very specific subjects. Many of the lessons we can draw would not be fully generalizable because the nature of the work focuses intensively on a very particular set of people. But the humanity they are presented with and the weaving of humanity with machine design that Schüll presents is admirable and important.
There's a huge amount here, a full review of takeaways would be much larger. But generally, I'd say this is hugely important reading, a very human glimpse into these particular social ills, and also a very readably written book about a complex and often depressing topic that Schüll has managed to present in an engaging, sympathetic, and expansive manner.
March 6, 2019
Though the main text is only 309 pages long, it took me nearly three weeks to read this volume on "Machine Gambling in Las Vegas". It is dense, and there are another 79 pages of feetnote, many of which sent me skittering to the bibliography.
Dense (in this case) does not translate as "boring" or "hard to read." It translates, rather, as "stop and think a lot", and "give your brain frequent rests."
So what is it about? It makes the following case, more or less:
1) Gaming machines encourage problematic (addictive) behavior. (Duh.)
2) Casinos are designed to magnify this effect. (Double duh.)
3) Each new generation of slots, especially since the advent of electronic slots, is more finely tuned to take advantage of problematic (addictive) behavior:
They conceal the real odds against the player; indeed, these odds are adjustable.
They give enough wins and near-wins to keep a player hoping.
And blahblahblah, because
4) It turns out that problematic (addictive) behavior isn't about the desire to win after all: it's about getting in "the zone" and continuing to play.
5) It also turns out that addiction to machine gambling is not "in" the individual, nor in the machine, but in the interface and relationship between the two.
The "zone" is not about winning and losing. It's about shutting off outside stimuli and narrowing your awareness, your entire reality, to _this_ bet, _this_ pull of the handle or push of the button. It's like a self-destructive satori, if you will.
This is exhaustively, and exhaustingly (see above re: feetnote and bibliography), researched, documented, and verified by interviews with gamblers, ex-gamblers, and a host of people in "the industry," from casino owners to machine designers. A whole chapter is devoted to attempts (by government, researchers, medical professionals, people in the industry) to "fix" the "problem" of addictive gambling. Another is dedicated to attempts by addicts to "cure" themselves.
Oh, and: there is a bunch of discussion of how those in the industry justify their business model, ranging from "it's our responsibility (to shareholders) to make as much money as legally possible," to "the problem isn't with our business model, it's with the addicts." (The latter of which I would have replied to, though the author does not, thus: "So you admit you knowingly prey on the weak.")
Possibly the most interesting section, to me, is the first, where the author talks about the design of machines and casinos to maximize profit. Machine gaming is much more profitable for casino owners than live gaming - so profitable that there is hardly a shop or gas station in Las Vegas that doesn't have its bank of electronic poker machines or straight slots. (Locals tend to prefer video poker to straight slots; tourists tend to prefer the slots.)
Anyway, an interesting book, at least for those at least vaguely interested in such things.
Dense (in this case) does not translate as "boring" or "hard to read." It translates, rather, as "stop and think a lot", and "give your brain frequent rests."
So what is it about? It makes the following case, more or less:
1) Gaming machines encourage problematic (addictive) behavior. (Duh.)
2) Casinos are designed to magnify this effect. (Double duh.)
3) Each new generation of slots, especially since the advent of electronic slots, is more finely tuned to take advantage of problematic (addictive) behavior:
They conceal the real odds against the player; indeed, these odds are adjustable.
They give enough wins and near-wins to keep a player hoping.
And blahblahblah, because
4) It turns out that problematic (addictive) behavior isn't about the desire to win after all: it's about getting in "the zone" and continuing to play.
5) It also turns out that addiction to machine gambling is not "in" the individual, nor in the machine, but in the interface and relationship between the two.
The "zone" is not about winning and losing. It's about shutting off outside stimuli and narrowing your awareness, your entire reality, to _this_ bet, _this_ pull of the handle or push of the button. It's like a self-destructive satori, if you will.
This is exhaustively, and exhaustingly (see above re: feetnote and bibliography), researched, documented, and verified by interviews with gamblers, ex-gamblers, and a host of people in "the industry," from casino owners to machine designers. A whole chapter is devoted to attempts (by government, researchers, medical professionals, people in the industry) to "fix" the "problem" of addictive gambling. Another is dedicated to attempts by addicts to "cure" themselves.
Oh, and: there is a bunch of discussion of how those in the industry justify their business model, ranging from "it's our responsibility (to shareholders) to make as much money as legally possible," to "the problem isn't with our business model, it's with the addicts." (The latter of which I would have replied to, though the author does not, thus: "So you admit you knowingly prey on the weak.")
Possibly the most interesting section, to me, is the first, where the author talks about the design of machines and casinos to maximize profit. Machine gaming is much more profitable for casino owners than live gaming - so profitable that there is hardly a shop or gas station in Las Vegas that doesn't have its bank of electronic poker machines or straight slots. (Locals tend to prefer video poker to straight slots; tourists tend to prefer the slots.)
Anyway, an interesting book, at least for those at least vaguely interested in such things.
Read
January 2, 2023Casinos and slot machines have fascinated me for a long time. Something about the sheer volume of stimulus is fascinating. Casinos are designed as carefully as theater sets (perhaps more carefully). Unlike a theater set, which is meant to convey a world beside our own world, the casino floor is designed – in its layout, its colors, its sound, and its manufactured scent – to lure in gamblers (especially slot gamblers) and keep them playing for as long as it takes to empty their accounts. The funny thing is that the casino floor feels otherworldly, unreal. But the play never starts.
Anyway, this is a very academic book, but also compulsively readable. The research looks at all aspects of slots: the people who make them, the crafting of casino interiors, the history, design, and mathematics of the slots themselves. Most importantly, it includes incisive interviews with people who are addicted to slot gambling. These gamblers are not dullards, but are rather painfully self-aware of their absurdity of their own predicament. They are addicted not to trying to win money, but of the intense euphoric numbness experienced in "The Zone" – the psychological state they enter while playing the slots. (Also: the psychological state that slots are designed to evoke in every and any player. Even the people who design the algorithms are not inured to the "magical thinking" the machines exploit.)
As Schull writes in the conclusion, "Gambling addicts play machines to suspend themselves in a state of equilibrated affect rather than to maximize monetary payoff in the climx of a win... The architects, managers, and technicians of the gambling industry work to facilitate this zone and at the same time devise game schedules and marketing systems that subtly and continuously introduce disequilibrium into the gambler-machine exchange, ratcheting up its intensity and duration–or 'upping the ante,' in gambling parlance. To compensate for this disequilibrium and sustain the plateau-state of the zone, gambling addicts must make ever-escalating investments in machines. These investments do more than sustain the interior state of the zone; they sustain the exterior assemblage of technologies, design practices, regulatory policies, and political-economic values that configure the human-machine relationship in which players become caught."
In other words, the industry relies upon ensnaring people, exploring them, and profiting off them – and it is ever better at doing so. At the same time, it heavily pushes narratives of personal responsibility, and argues that regulation will not help, since addictive behavior is the root cause of machine gambling addiction.
It's been 10 years since this was published. I would love to see a second edition with a new introduction looking at the developments in machine gambling and mobile gambling in the past decade.
Anyway, this is a very academic book, but also compulsively readable. The research looks at all aspects of slots: the people who make them, the crafting of casino interiors, the history, design, and mathematics of the slots themselves. Most importantly, it includes incisive interviews with people who are addicted to slot gambling. These gamblers are not dullards, but are rather painfully self-aware of their absurdity of their own predicament. They are addicted not to trying to win money, but of the intense euphoric numbness experienced in "The Zone" – the psychological state they enter while playing the slots. (Also: the psychological state that slots are designed to evoke in every and any player. Even the people who design the algorithms are not inured to the "magical thinking" the machines exploit.)
As Schull writes in the conclusion, "Gambling addicts play machines to suspend themselves in a state of equilibrated affect rather than to maximize monetary payoff in the climx of a win... The architects, managers, and technicians of the gambling industry work to facilitate this zone and at the same time devise game schedules and marketing systems that subtly and continuously introduce disequilibrium into the gambler-machine exchange, ratcheting up its intensity and duration–or 'upping the ante,' in gambling parlance. To compensate for this disequilibrium and sustain the plateau-state of the zone, gambling addicts must make ever-escalating investments in machines. These investments do more than sustain the interior state of the zone; they sustain the exterior assemblage of technologies, design practices, regulatory policies, and political-economic values that configure the human-machine relationship in which players become caught."
In other words, the industry relies upon ensnaring people, exploring them, and profiting off them – and it is ever better at doing so. At the same time, it heavily pushes narratives of personal responsibility, and argues that regulation will not help, since addictive behavior is the root cause of machine gambling addiction.
It's been 10 years since this was published. I would love to see a second edition with a new introduction looking at the developments in machine gambling and mobile gambling in the past decade.
April 24, 2023
Although I am not personally interested in gambling, I have several family members who have worked for Bally's and my wife's lab studies learning and decision-making using a behavioral task called the 2-armed bandit task. Also, I was looking for analogies between gambling devices and other electronics that we find it difficult to tear ourselves away from: video games and our smartphones.
I would recommend reading the introduction, chapter 10, chapter 4, and chapter 5 (in that order). There's an anecdote in chapter 9 (page 254) that is also worth reading.
This is an academic text and the author is an anthropologist and/or sociologist who took a post-structuralist approach to the topic and the underlying thesis is that it is the ongoing interplay between the machines and the gamblers that leads to problem gambling and gambling addiction. I didn't see that supported by the text: it seems clear to me that the gaming industry has simply found increasingly more effective ways to exploit gamblers as they understand the gamblers better. Chapter 10 is useful in this regard because it shows that the gaming industry and their lobbyists place all the blame squarely on the gamblers. In this light, even suggesting that the machine design is responsible for some amount of problem gambling is a shift in the right direction.
Again, I am not an anthropologist or sociologist and am not in the habit of reading academic texts in these areas. Gilles Deleuze came up a lot, a name I haven't run across since I was deep in lit-crit in the early 1990s (and which I happily gave up). I have no idea what Deleuzean means, as an adjective, but it comes up a lot.
Chapter 8 brings up a story about Freud and his grandson. Freud, really? We're talking about Freud in the 21st century? I decided to cut it some slack: maybe it is a particularly illustrative example. But it wasn't. In the sciences Freud is a historical footnote, but apparently in the humanities he is still interesting?
The author frequently describes the altered state of the gambler at the machine as "the zone," which reminded me of descriptions of flow states as described by Csikszentmihályi. This connection is made explicit in chapter 6, which is a reasonable critique of flow and flow states.
The book sometimes introduced contradictions without ever really attempting to resolve them. Maze-like casino designs are important to lead people off main routes to gaming machines, the book says, yet the local Las Vegas gamblers (and the problem gamblers and the gambling addicts) prefer different environments where everything happens to be laid out in rows. Well, which is it? No real attempt is made to resolve this, or other similar contradictions in the book.
It's an interesting book but this lay reader was hoping for a different book.
I would recommend reading the introduction, chapter 10, chapter 4, and chapter 5 (in that order). There's an anecdote in chapter 9 (page 254) that is also worth reading.
This is an academic text and the author is an anthropologist and/or sociologist who took a post-structuralist approach to the topic and the underlying thesis is that it is the ongoing interplay between the machines and the gamblers that leads to problem gambling and gambling addiction. I didn't see that supported by the text: it seems clear to me that the gaming industry has simply found increasingly more effective ways to exploit gamblers as they understand the gamblers better. Chapter 10 is useful in this regard because it shows that the gaming industry and their lobbyists place all the blame squarely on the gamblers. In this light, even suggesting that the machine design is responsible for some amount of problem gambling is a shift in the right direction.
Again, I am not an anthropologist or sociologist and am not in the habit of reading academic texts in these areas. Gilles Deleuze came up a lot, a name I haven't run across since I was deep in lit-crit in the early 1990s (and which I happily gave up). I have no idea what Deleuzean means, as an adjective, but it comes up a lot.
Chapter 8 brings up a story about Freud and his grandson. Freud, really? We're talking about Freud in the 21st century? I decided to cut it some slack: maybe it is a particularly illustrative example. But it wasn't. In the sciences Freud is a historical footnote, but apparently in the humanities he is still interesting?
The author frequently describes the altered state of the gambler at the machine as "the zone," which reminded me of descriptions of flow states as described by Csikszentmihályi. This connection is made explicit in chapter 6, which is a reasonable critique of flow and flow states.
The book sometimes introduced contradictions without ever really attempting to resolve them. Maze-like casino designs are important to lead people off main routes to gaming machines, the book says, yet the local Las Vegas gamblers (and the problem gamblers and the gambling addicts) prefer different environments where everything happens to be laid out in rows. Well, which is it? No real attempt is made to resolve this, or other similar contradictions in the book.
It's an interesting book but this lay reader was hoping for a different book.
April 10, 2023
I started reading this after a trip to Las Vegas. I was curious what percentage of casino revenue comes from slot machines given how much real estate they take up on most casino floors.
I learned a lot of very interesting and disturbing things about the slot machine industry in this book and would generally recommend if you’ve ever wondered how/why so many people have become addicted to them.
Two flags:
(1) It’s a very research-heavy book with hundreds of pages of footnotes. Though I found the subject matter really compelling, the “flow” was often interrupted by checking these notes (many of which are quite interesting!). This is a kind of funny coincidence given a significant portion of the book is dedicated to explaining how gamblers seek to stay “in the zone” / avoid interruption at all cost when playing slots.
(2) There is ample discussion of different types of “solutions/therapies” intended to help addicted players. Each of these approaches is critiqued as either ineffective or, worse, amplifying of the addiction. In the end, the author does not present any practical off-ramp. It is just a thoroughly depressing state of affairs, especially when you start to consider the rise of pay-to-play mobile games (which aren’t covered in detail in this book)
One good thing about casinos: statistically a “great” place to have a heart attack thanks to the constant surveillance and AEDs on site
I learned a lot of very interesting and disturbing things about the slot machine industry in this book and would generally recommend if you’ve ever wondered how/why so many people have become addicted to them.
Two flags:
(1) It’s a very research-heavy book with hundreds of pages of footnotes. Though I found the subject matter really compelling, the “flow” was often interrupted by checking these notes (many of which are quite interesting!). This is a kind of funny coincidence given a significant portion of the book is dedicated to explaining how gamblers seek to stay “in the zone” / avoid interruption at all cost when playing slots.
(2) There is ample discussion of different types of “solutions/therapies” intended to help addicted players. Each of these approaches is critiqued as either ineffective or, worse, amplifying of the addiction. In the end, the author does not present any practical off-ramp. It is just a thoroughly depressing state of affairs, especially when you start to consider the rise of pay-to-play mobile games (which aren’t covered in detail in this book)
One good thing about casinos: statistically a “great” place to have a heart attack thanks to the constant surveillance and AEDs on site
January 18, 2016
Interesting and diverse look at video/slot machine gambling. I liked the psychological aspects on design the best, less so the ethnographic descriptions and the emphasis on addiction. I also felt the book could have been shorter/more concise.
Some tidbits:
"“It is not absurd to try diagnosing a civilization in terms of the games that are especially popular there,” he wrote in 1958. Caillois argued that one could make a cultural diagnosis by examining games’ combination of the following four elements of play: agon, or competition; alea, or chance; mimesis, or simulation; and ilinx, or vertigo. Modern cultures, he claimed, were distinguished by games involving a tension between agon and alea—the former demanding an assertion of will, the latter demanding surrender to chance."
"from 30 percent to a staggering 60 percent of total gambling revenues have been found to derive from problem gamblers."
"Others have called modern video gambling “the most virulent strain of gambling in the history of man,” “electronic morphine,” and, most famously, “the crack cocaine of gambling.”"
"“No other form of gambling manipulates the human mind as beautifully as these machines,” the gambling addiction researcher Nancy Petry told a journalist."
"AEDs have since been used thousands of times in Las Vegas casinos, with an impressive survival rate of 55 percent (even better than that of hospitals—and far surpassing the national average rate of less than 10 percent)."
"The task of expediting “continuous gaming productivity,” as Cummings breaks it down, involves three interlinked operations, each of which this chapter will examine in turn: accelerating play, extending its duration, and increasing the total amount spent."
"Although each symbol that players see seems to have an equal chance of hitting, in fact each does not; the actual reel merely communicates the mapping decisions of its much-expanded virtual counterpart. Telnaes wrote candidly of his intent to distort player perception: “It is important to make a machine that is perceived to present greater chances of payoff than it actually has.”"
"From virtual reel mapping and its disproportionate reels to video slots’ asymmetric reels; from the illusory player control conveyed by stop buttons and joysticks to the illusory odds conveyed by teaser strips: These methods, supported by a whole corporate, legal, and regulatory apparatus, gave machine designers greater control over the odds and presentation of chance while fostering enchanting “illusions of control,” distorted perception of odds, and near-miss effects among gamblers. In what amounts to a kind of enchantment by design, finely tuned, chance-mediating technologies function as “really new gods,” captivating their audience."
"While traditional slots had an average reward frequency of only 3 percent, the new video poker machines typically rewarded players on 45 percent of plays—just the kind of schedule that prolongs the persistence of a behavior, as Skinner had noted. Although video poker machines took in half as much money as three-reel slots per unit of time, they brought in twice as much revenue because gamblers played at them four times as long. The time-on-device formula proved lucrative for the industry when it came to local repeat players who typically had “more time than money.” Ten years after video poker was introduced at Sam’s Town, the game was generating well over half the total machine revenue at locals’ casinos in Las Vegas"
"every evening at approximately the same time, female patrons under thirty years of age were moving from one side of a popular bank of slot machines to the other (or leaving altogether), while men over fifty were taking their original seats. Upon further investigation it was discovered that the men were exiting a nearby showroom near the machines at the close of a revue performance and pestering the young women."
"“Loyalty programs are about giving your customers a reason to give you data, so that data can be used to earn you money,” said an industry member in 2008, laying bare the profit motives behind the language of “relationship.”"
"A striking example of “unwitting submission” is found in Bally’s method for tracking players regardless of their participation in a loyalty club. The system incorporates biometric recognition into gambling machines via miniaturized cameras linked to a central database; when a player activates the machine without using a player card, the camera “captures the player’s image and stores it along with their game play,” creating a “John Doe” file."
"Incredible Technologies introduced a non-networked system of guided choice for slot machines in 2009, called Versatile Volatility. It “takes the mystery out of math” by simply asking the player, How do you like to win? and then providing him with three options: Often (for low volatility, high time-on-device), Steady (for medium volatility), or Big (for high volatility). The system, which runs on aptly named Flexible Math software, “gives casino operators and players what they covet most—control,” writes one reviewer before going on to contradictorily note that “Versatile Volatility also was created to educate players and empower them with a sense of control.”"
"machine gambling multiplies occasions for the kinds of reflexive risk taking and choice making that are demanded of subjects in contemporary capitalist societies. At the same time, it takes the edge off the task of contingency management by distilling risks and choices into a digitized, programmatic game whose contingency is “perfect”"
"Gamblers who manage to follow “responsible gaming codes of conduct,” one study found, contribute a mere 4 percent of gambling revenues. “If responsible gaming were successful,” an author of that study told a radio journalist, “then the industry would probably shut down for lack of income.”"
"Gaming Insurance and its protection against the losses of chance is cast as a mutually beneficial partnership between industry and player. Yet the seeming alignment between players and the industry around the quest to manage contingency, I have argued throughout this book, masks asymmetries of risk and reward, control and compulsion, loss and gain."
Some tidbits:
"“It is not absurd to try diagnosing a civilization in terms of the games that are especially popular there,” he wrote in 1958. Caillois argued that one could make a cultural diagnosis by examining games’ combination of the following four elements of play: agon, or competition; alea, or chance; mimesis, or simulation; and ilinx, or vertigo. Modern cultures, he claimed, were distinguished by games involving a tension between agon and alea—the former demanding an assertion of will, the latter demanding surrender to chance."
"from 30 percent to a staggering 60 percent of total gambling revenues have been found to derive from problem gamblers."
"Others have called modern video gambling “the most virulent strain of gambling in the history of man,” “electronic morphine,” and, most famously, “the crack cocaine of gambling.”"
"“No other form of gambling manipulates the human mind as beautifully as these machines,” the gambling addiction researcher Nancy Petry told a journalist."
"AEDs have since been used thousands of times in Las Vegas casinos, with an impressive survival rate of 55 percent (even better than that of hospitals—and far surpassing the national average rate of less than 10 percent)."
"The task of expediting “continuous gaming productivity,” as Cummings breaks it down, involves three interlinked operations, each of which this chapter will examine in turn: accelerating play, extending its duration, and increasing the total amount spent."
"Although each symbol that players see seems to have an equal chance of hitting, in fact each does not; the actual reel merely communicates the mapping decisions of its much-expanded virtual counterpart. Telnaes wrote candidly of his intent to distort player perception: “It is important to make a machine that is perceived to present greater chances of payoff than it actually has.”"
"From virtual reel mapping and its disproportionate reels to video slots’ asymmetric reels; from the illusory player control conveyed by stop buttons and joysticks to the illusory odds conveyed by teaser strips: These methods, supported by a whole corporate, legal, and regulatory apparatus, gave machine designers greater control over the odds and presentation of chance while fostering enchanting “illusions of control,” distorted perception of odds, and near-miss effects among gamblers. In what amounts to a kind of enchantment by design, finely tuned, chance-mediating technologies function as “really new gods,” captivating their audience."
"While traditional slots had an average reward frequency of only 3 percent, the new video poker machines typically rewarded players on 45 percent of plays—just the kind of schedule that prolongs the persistence of a behavior, as Skinner had noted. Although video poker machines took in half as much money as three-reel slots per unit of time, they brought in twice as much revenue because gamblers played at them four times as long. The time-on-device formula proved lucrative for the industry when it came to local repeat players who typically had “more time than money.” Ten years after video poker was introduced at Sam’s Town, the game was generating well over half the total machine revenue at locals’ casinos in Las Vegas"
"every evening at approximately the same time, female patrons under thirty years of age were moving from one side of a popular bank of slot machines to the other (or leaving altogether), while men over fifty were taking their original seats. Upon further investigation it was discovered that the men were exiting a nearby showroom near the machines at the close of a revue performance and pestering the young women."
"“Loyalty programs are about giving your customers a reason to give you data, so that data can be used to earn you money,” said an industry member in 2008, laying bare the profit motives behind the language of “relationship.”"
"A striking example of “unwitting submission” is found in Bally’s method for tracking players regardless of their participation in a loyalty club. The system incorporates biometric recognition into gambling machines via miniaturized cameras linked to a central database; when a player activates the machine without using a player card, the camera “captures the player’s image and stores it along with their game play,” creating a “John Doe” file."
"Incredible Technologies introduced a non-networked system of guided choice for slot machines in 2009, called Versatile Volatility. It “takes the mystery out of math” by simply asking the player, How do you like to win? and then providing him with three options: Often (for low volatility, high time-on-device), Steady (for medium volatility), or Big (for high volatility). The system, which runs on aptly named Flexible Math software, “gives casino operators and players what they covet most—control,” writes one reviewer before going on to contradictorily note that “Versatile Volatility also was created to educate players and empower them with a sense of control.”"
"machine gambling multiplies occasions for the kinds of reflexive risk taking and choice making that are demanded of subjects in contemporary capitalist societies. At the same time, it takes the edge off the task of contingency management by distilling risks and choices into a digitized, programmatic game whose contingency is “perfect”"
"Gamblers who manage to follow “responsible gaming codes of conduct,” one study found, contribute a mere 4 percent of gambling revenues. “If responsible gaming were successful,” an author of that study told a radio journalist, “then the industry would probably shut down for lack of income.”"
"Gaming Insurance and its protection against the losses of chance is cast as a mutually beneficial partnership between industry and player. Yet the seeming alignment between players and the industry around the quest to manage contingency, I have argued throughout this book, masks asymmetries of risk and reward, control and compulsion, loss and gain."
July 7, 2019
Surprising, but quite academic book about gambling addiction to machines (slot machines). Slot machines make up a huge % (~90%) of casino revenues and so much goes into making them more addictive. The machines have gotten more and more computerized and everything has been done to keep people playing for as long as possible. People think that they have a better chance of winning than they really do (virtual reels & "near misses"). Many people use machine gambling as a way to escape life and its problems. They want to get completely lost in the game. They don't even really want to win, just keep playing. Many players will sit for hours/days playing, lose employment, go to the bathroom at the seat, just to escape. Players like these represent a huge % of the revenue for slots. Many people lose all their savings and then need government assistance while casino's prosper. This is especially a problem as many states have legalized gambling to raise revenues, but this creates many new problems.
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