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The WEIRDest People in the World: How the West Became Psychologically Peculiar and Particularly Prosperous Kindle Edition
A New York Times Notable Book of 2020
A Bloomberg Best Non-Fiction Book of 2020
A Behavioral Scientist Notable Book of 2020
A Human Behavior & Evolution Society Must-Read Popular Evolution Book of 2020
A bold, epic account of how the co-evolution of psychology and culture created the peculiar Western mind that has profoundly shaped the modern world.
Perhaps you are WEIRD: raised in a society that is Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic. If so, you’re rather psychologically peculiar.
Unlike much of the world today, and most people who have ever lived, WEIRD people are highly individualistic, self-obsessed, control-oriented, nonconformist, and analytical. They focus on themselves—their attributes, accomplishments, and aspirations—over their relationships and social roles. How did WEIRD populations become so psychologically distinct? What role did these psychological differences play in the industrial revolution and the global expansion of Europe during the last few centuries?
In The WEIRDest People in the World, Joseph Henrich draws on cutting-edge research in anthropology, psychology, economics, and evolutionary biology to explore these questions and more. He illuminates the origins and evolution of family structures, marriage, and religion, and the profound impact these cultural transformations had on human psychology. Mapping these shifts through ancient history and late antiquity, Henrich reveals that the most fundamental institutions of kinship and marriage changed dramatically under pressure from the Roman Catholic Church. It was these changes that gave rise to the WEIRD psychology that would coevolve with impersonal markets, occupational specialization, and free competition—laying the foundation for the modern world.
Provocative and engaging in both its broad scope and its surprising details, The WEIRDest People in the World explores how culture, institutions, and psychology shape one another, and explains what this means for both our most personal sense of who we are as individuals and also the large-scale social, political, and economic forces that drive human history.
Includes black-and-white illustrations.
- LanguageEnglish
- PublisherFarrar, Straus and Giroux
- Publication dateSeptember 8, 2020
- File size26.5 MB

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Editorial Reviews
Review
"Henrich presents a dazzling array of evidence to explain why variation exists among societies and why Europe in particular has played such an outsized role in human history. The “WEIRD” from his title is an acronym meaning “Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, Democratic,” as well as a convenient reminder that people from such societies are psychologically different from most of the world, and from most humans throughout history."
― Robert Henderson The City Journal
"Engagingly written, excellently organized and meticulously argued . . . This is an extraordinarily ambitious book, along the lines of Jared Diamond’s “Guns, Germs and Steel,” which gets a brief and respectful mention, but going much farther, and bolstering the argument at every point with evidence gathered by Henrich’s “lab,” with dozens of collaborators, and wielding data points from world history, anthropology, economics, game theory, psychology and biology, all knit together with “statistical razzle-dazzle” when everyday statistics is unable to distinguish signal from noise."
―Daniel C. Dennett, The New York Times
"Henrich brings to the argument the same intensity of detail that made the WEIRD article stand out like neon among its peers . . . these days, few anthropologists are willing to put their data on the table, make a claim, and welcome challengers. We need more big books like this one. It is very much worth reading."
―T.M. Luhrman, The American Scholar
"[The WEIRDEST People in the World] is a landmark in social thought . . . read it in a state of such excitement that I did nothing else for two days. It amounts to nothing less than a reinterpretation of human history, based on the psychological differences between societies discovered in Henrich’s field work."
―Matthew Sayed, The Times
"Henrich offers a capacious new perspective that could facilitate the necessary work of sorting out what's irredeemable and what's invaluable in the singular, impressive, and wildly problematic legacy of Western domination."
―Judith Schulevitz, The Atlantic
"The rare case of a volume that deserves all its many accolades . . . overall, it’s a remarkable tome that makes a powerful case."
―Stephen L. Carter, Bloomberg (The Best Non-fiction Books of 2020)
"The WEIRDest People in the World is an example of "big history" at its best. It draws on a wide variety of data―including creative empirical research (e.g., studies of which United Nations delegations were most likely to pay New York parking tickets despite having diplomatic immunity)―to post a provocative explanation for major historical developments. It also takes an interdisciplinary approach to its subject, making use of evolutionary studies in culture, religion, and psychology. And Mr. Henrich's writing is admirably clear."
―Christopher Levenick, The Wall Street Journal
"The WEIRDest People in the World is one of the most consumingly fascinating books I've read in years."
―James Marriott, The Sunday Times
"A fascinating, vigorously argued work that probes deeply into the way “WEIRD people” think."
―Kirkus
"Ambitious and fascinating . . . This meaty book is ready-made for involved discussions."
―Publisher's Weekly
"[A] sweeping and magisterial book, likely to become as foundational to cultural psychology as the WEIRD acronym [Henrich] and his colleagues coined a decade ago."
―Alex Mackiel, Quillette
"Joseph Henrich's massive The WEIRDest People in the World is quickly recognizable..."
―Daniel A. Segal, TLS
"Joseph Henrich's The WEIRDest People in the World . . . makes for stunning reading. (It is also written with such wit and humor, and luminous clarity.) Probably an understatement to say that it is one of the most important books of the year."
―Cass Sunstein, author of The War According to Star Wars
"Joseph Henrich has undertaken a massively ambitious work that explains the transition to the modern world from kin-based societies, drawing on a wealth of data across disciplines that significantly contributes to our understanding of this classic issue in social theory."
―Francis Fukuyama, author of The Origins of Political Order and Political Order and Political Decay
"This delightful and thought-provoking book argues there is nothing natural about most of the values, attitudes and priorities of WEIRD (Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich and Democratic) people. They have evolved over time, in response to specific historical, institutional environmental circumstances. It is more vital than ever to understand how we can improve living standards throughout the world and deal with spectacular global challenges. Understanding where humanity's diversity has come from and in what way it matters for confronting our problems is vital. This fascinating book is a must-read for everybody who cares about these questions."
―Daron Acemoglu, co-author of Why Nations Fails and co-author of The Narrow Corridor: States, Societies, and the Fate of Liberty
"A dazzling achievement. In the course of explaining how modern Western culture differs from all others past and present, Joseph Henrich has both altered and unified the fields of anthropology, history, psychology and economics. He destroys the assumption, common in psychology and endemic in economics, that human nature is everywhere the same. His account makes it possible to understand why some cultures have readily adopted Western tools to transform their societies, economies and politics while others reject those tools."
―Richard Nisbett, author of Mindware: Tools for Smart Thinking
“Henrich’s book combines a startling account of the mental and social oddities of westerners with a persuasive new explanation for them. The concept of a universal human psyche will never be the same again.”
―Richard Wrangham, author of The Goodness Paradox: The Strange Relationship Between Virtue and Violence in Human Evolution
"This is a deep and important book of tremendous erudition, engagingly written with vivid examples, that highlights at once the ways in which human beings are similar and dissimilar the world over.”
―Nicholas Christakis, author of Blueprint
"This book is a tour de force. It seamlessly combines ideas from evolutionary biology and cultural evolution with data from the psychology laboratory, field experiments in remote villages, high-tech econometrics and ethnographic anecdote to explain why people in western societies think differently than other people, and how these differences culturally evolved over the last 1500 years. The WEIRDest People in the World sets a new standard in the human sciences."
―Robert Boyd, author of How Humans Evolved
"There's nothing so fascinating as a social anthropologist's analysis of his own tribe. Joseph Henrich shows how strange and exceptional Western society is when compared with most of the world, and links it with features of the WEIRD brain."
―John Barton, author of A History of the Bible
“In the last 500 years, Westerners have become more educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic than any other societies in history―which, says Joe Henrich, has made Westerners think differently about the world from everyone else. Drawing on anthropology, economics, history, and psychology, this magnificent book measures and even explains just how different Westerners are. It is a major contribution to the debates over why the West rules. It will make you think even more differently about the world than you already do.”
―Ian Morris, author of War! What is it Good For?: Conflict and the Progress of Civilization from Primates to Robots
“Joe Henrich has thought more deeply about cultural evolution than anybody alive. His fascinating insights into just how weird people like he and I are, with our western lifestyles, and what the implications of that are for better and for worse, are a great contribution to scholarship and literature.”
―Matt Ridley, author of How Innovation Works: And Why It Flourishes in Freedom
"Written in clear and vivid prose, Joseph Henrich’s new book argues that the psychological characteristics of populations in modern prosperous countries are not universal to human societies. They were the result of institutional changes brought about by the Catholic Church in Europe during the middle ages, and laid the foundation for almost everything else that followed. Whether or not you agree, this bold and original book will shape the debate about the origins of modern society for years to come."
―Paul Seabright, author of The Company of Strangers: A Natural History of Economic Life
“Reading this book feels like digging in your backyard and discovering a lost city. What Henrich has unearthed is truly astonishing: The modern West owes its prosperity to strange ways of thinking, created by accident centuries before the European Enlightenment. If that sounds improbable to you, prepare to meet a mountain of evidence, compiled by one of the great systematic thinkers of our time. This book is at once monumental and thrilling."
―Joshua Greene, author of Moral Tribes: Emotion, Reason, and the Gap Between Us and Them
“In this brilliant synthesis of cultural evolution and social psychology, Joseph Henrich explores the deep historical roots of individualism, generalized trust, impersonal prosociality, and analytical thinking―in short, the psychological traits that make people WEIRD.”
―Peter Turchin, the author of Ultrasociety: How 10,000 Years of War Made Humans the Greatest Cooperators on Earth
"Polymath and pioneering thinker Joseph Henrich has made a major contribution to the social sciences by demonstrating, through careful study, how Western societies are psychologically odd, relative to the rest of humanity. Now, in this engaging and accessible text, Henrich elaborates on these important ideas, by explaining how the West got to be WEIRD in the first place, and how the peculiar psychology of Western countries proved instrumental to their success. Along the way, Henrich makes a compelling case that human minds are not fated to think in a universal manner, but tune themselves surprisingly flexibly to the idiosyncrasies of local culture."
―Kevin Laland, author of Evolutionary Causation: Biological and Philosophical Reflections
"Generations of scholars have grappled with the question of why the West rose. Henrich’s intriguing new answer reveals how history shaped psychology and psychology changed history. Western Europe’s shift from traditional kinship networks to voluntary associations fostered the individualism and literacy that opened up a uniquely WEIRD path to transformative progress. Propelled by a bold vision, this landmark study is required reading for anyone curious about the origins of modernity."
―Walter Scheidel, author of Escape from Rome: The Failure of Empire and the Road to Prosperity
"The most absorbing, provocative, and compelling book I have read in a long time. Joseph Henrich’s thrilling exposé of cultural variety and evolution is grounded in meticulous science, and his arguments go beyond the milestone of Jared Diamond’s Guns, Germs and Steel. You will never look again in the same way at your own seemingly universal values.
―Uta Frith, Emeritus Professor of Cognitive Development, University College London
“A masterpiece. Staggering in range, intricate in detail, thrilling in ambition, this book is a landmark in social thought. Henrich may go down as the most influential social scientist of the first half of the twenty-first century.”
―Matthew Syed, author of Rebel Ideas: The Power of Diverse Thinking
"If you are considering reading this book, you are almost certainly WEIRD. Henrich lucidly explains how and why you got that way. Going beyond both blank slate, social constructivist and naïve models of common human psychology, he also makes a powerful case that, for human beings, culture and biology are always inextricably intertwined.”
―Edward Slingerland, Distinguished University Scholar and Professor of Asian Studies, University of British Columbia and author of Trying Not to Try: Ancient China, Modern Science, and the Power of Spontaneity
"The Weirdest People in the World is a novel and fascinating look at our democratic western societies. The book presents a wealth of evidence that cultural learning and specific cultural rules of kinship relations generated the psychological foundations underlying the economic success of “the West”. It is an exciting read that covers economics, sociology, psychology, history, and neuroscience."
―Ernst Fehr, University of Zurich, author of Neuroeconomics: Decision Making and the Brain
"Henrich describes with meticulous documentation the many factors that have gone into making WEIRD people the way we are."
―Edmund J. Guest, North Star Monthly
About the Author
Product details
- ASIN : B07RZFCPMD
- Publisher : Farrar, Straus and Giroux
- Accessibility : Learn more
- Publication date : September 8, 2020
- Language : English
- File size : 26.5 MB
- Screen Reader : Supported
- Enhanced typesetting : Enabled
- X-Ray : Enabled
- Word Wise : Enabled
- Print length : 706 pages
- ISBN-13 : 978-0374710453
- Page Flip : Enabled
- Best Sellers Rank: #75,689 in Kindle Store (See Top 100 in Kindle Store)
- Customer Reviews:
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Customers find the book's thesis extremely thought-provoking, with one review highlighting its surprising details drawn from various disciplines. The readability receives mixed feedback, with some customers finding it agreeable while others note it's not an easy read.
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Customers find the book thought-provoking and fascinating, with an extremely thought-provoking thesis that brings up many new topics.
"...It takes character building as a cultural and achievement separator. It is a wonderful discussion trigger...." Read more
"...I finally found the answer in this book and it is so profound and thought-provoking, that I have incorporated it in the classes I teach when I try..." Read more
"It’s an excellent take on western culture. I can’t say I agree with everything and that’s fine. Definitely a great read." Read more
"...spanning nearly 100 pages of research citations, explaining everything clearly in context, and giving clear indications of where he finds the data..." Read more
Customers find the book fantastic, with one mentioning it's worth every minute of reading.
"...This book asks of us to change our perspective in a way that is rather remarkable...." Read more
"...Net, it is worth every minute of the reading and I strongly recommend it to anyone interested in understanding how History explains our economic and..." Read more
"...I can’t say I agree with everything and that’s fine. Definitely a great read." Read more
"...Apparently unique in the world at that time. A very impressive book and good companion with Guns, Germs, and Steel as to understanding how our world..." Read more
Customers have mixed opinions about the book's readability, with some finding it agreeable while others describe it as a slog to read.
"...Henrich stimulates discussion. The title suggests some light reading. It is not. But the rewards are worth some input" Read more
"...This is a self-enriching read that will decontextualize your understandings of yourself and your place in WEIRD culture...." Read more
"...However, this book is not an easy reading because of its length and because it is full with data, figures, graphs and tables that require careful..." Read more
"Written from a cultural anthropologist view point, this thoroughly researched book takes where “guns, germs and steel” left off and reframes the..." Read more
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Top reviews from the United States
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- Reviewed in the United States on September 14, 2020Format: KindleVerified PurchaseThis is a groundbreaking book, predictably becoming the basis of much discussion. It is arguing that the West’s success stems from historically early moral decisions within society and their character building. Culture determines human life and ours would be coming from early Catholicism’s peculiarities of anti-nepotism and the forbidding of marriage within kin. This enhanced the church’s influence and supposedly loosened eventually a flood of innovation.
Adopting such simple rules triggered a cascade of changes, creating states to replace tribes, science to replace lore and law to replace custom. This cascade produced what being weird means; that is by comparison with a bulk of the world that is utterly different (so far studies were centered too exclusively on societies that are Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic, hence the acronym). The difference in tribal and non-tribal cultures is even evident in such examples as that blood donations are strikingly lower in southern Italy than in northern Italy today. We weird people of the West are individualistic, think analytically, take personal responsibility, and think nepotism is to be vigorously discouraged.
Most people have tacitly adopted some dubious universal assumptions about human nature. This book asks of us to change our perspective in a way that is rather remarkable. It takes character building as a cultural and achievement separator. It is a wonderful discussion trigger. In this respect it reminds of Diamond’s “Guns, Germs and Steel”, Dennet with its emphasis on the evolution of minds, or Sean Carroll’s science based poetic naturalism with its many forms of understanding at different levels. But watch out. Is the route to science and riches really solidly tied to western morals? Oesterreicher’s “Beelines: from Chemicals to Chemists” sees Islamic golden age science based on tribalism as a counter argument. But interestingly he finds that many science accelerators were lucid Asperger-type and indeed somewhat off center. Henrich stimulates discussion.
The title suggests some light reading. It is not. But the rewards are worth some input
- Reviewed in the United States on January 27, 2024Format: KindleVerified PurchaseDuring many years I had wondered why the Latin American countries and many others had not been able to develop as USA, Canada, Japan, Australia and the European countries and why they had always been plagued by historical corruption and many other problems. I finally found the answer in this book and it is so profound and thought-provoking, that I have incorporated it in the classes I teach when I try to make my students conscious about their context.
However, this book is not an easy reading because of its length and because it is full with data, figures, graphs and tables that require careful analysis and comparisons. In addition, I recommend that you read each of the footnotes to delve deeper in the topics.
Net, it is worth every minute of the reading and I strongly recommend it to anyone interested in understanding how History explains our economic and political present at global level.
- Reviewed in the United States on August 3, 2024Format: PaperbackVerified PurchaseIt’s an excellent take on western culture. I can’t say I agree with everything and that’s fine. Definitely a great read.
- Reviewed in the United States on January 15, 2021Format: HardcoverVerified PurchaseRarely do I come across a popular science book that meets academic standards for research-oriented perspective on such interesting issues. The author cites from a bibliography spanning nearly 100 pages of research citations, explaining everything clearly in context, and giving clear indications of where he finds the data persuasive or otherwise.
His thesis is that most academic studies of human psychology have used graduate students at Western Universities and assumed their findings could be generalized to all humans. He persuasively demonstrates that these subjects are very unrepresentative of humanity generally, being what he terms "WEIRD" -- Westernized, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic (the polity, not the party).
He persuasively demonstrates his thesis with page after page of fascinating vignettes drawn from his own research experience and that of numerous colleagues. By his account, the Catholic Church dramatically changed human folkways from their tribal baseline by outlawing plural marriages and kin marriages in favor of life-long monogamy with non-kin. He's able to trace, over more than a millennium, the progress in human communities as correlated with their adoption of the Church's marriage regime, and he persuasively explains why this happened.
To say more about his thesis in this brief note would only trivialize what seems to me, as a psychiatrist with decades of professional experience in various contexts, an utterly non-trivial theory of our psychology as a species. Suffice it to say that I felt considerably enlightened by reading this, and have been quoting it and benefiting from its insights in my understanding of the world ever since. It certainly has important implications for our current resurgence of tribalism in the U.S., which is not a good omen. The most important question it raises is, if we have no unifying deity, how will we hang together as a people?
- Reviewed in the United States on January 2, 2025Format: PaperbackVerified PurchaseRead this book to understand, first, that we are different; second, to learn why; and third, the many consequences of that difference.
Top reviews from other countries
- J. A. RixomReviewed in Singapore on January 16, 2021
5.0 out of 5 stars Buy it.
Format: HardcoverVerified PurchaseA really good well written book that opened my eyes to the level of research possible in anthropology and economics. The attention to moving from correlation to causation was remarkable, better than in medicine!!!!
It’s stopped me going “if only” and put into sharp relief many things I’d noticed as differences in my travels and work around the world, but couldn’t properly articulate or put a common thread through.
Brings to mind for me the saying about identifying what you can and cannot change, and having the wisdom to know the difference.
While the book was really great it arrived nearly three weeks later than stated, and missed being the Christmas present it was meant to be.
- aayush chaubeyReviewed in India on December 28, 2024
3.0 out of 5 stars Factually incorrect pseudo scientific book
This book purports to be a scientific manual of understanding why the west won the game of evolution but all the arguments used are supported by made up data about countries that can easily be refuted by any individual citizen of that country. Complete waste of time.
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LECOMTEReviewed in France on April 7, 2025
5.0 out of 5 stars Pourquoi le monde occidental s'est-il dévelloper de cette manière...
Format: PaperbackVerified PurchaseExcellent livre, il faut lire l'américain. Très documenté, sources internationales. Un vrai plaisir
- Paul NevinReviewed in Australia on October 15, 2024
5.0 out of 5 stars Profound book that explains our modern world and the success of our species.
This book addresses many questions about human social development. It discusses why humans developed social rules, enforced laws, invented religions, and established complex social hierarchies. These developments occurred due to natural selection, as they proved beneficial for survival. Social evolution has been a significant factor in our advancement as a species, potentially more so than our genome or adaptability to environmental change. The book explores these concepts in detail, offering insights into how and why our social structures exist.
In essence, our species has thrived because we evolved social skills that led to complex social structures such as religions, rules, and hierarchies to ensure resource sharing. This not only improved our individual chances of survival but also fostered innovation, prosperity, and collective wealth. The book provides a new perspectives on formal religion, war, kin vs non-kin structures, explaining each role in the success of our species. It is especially recommended for students of philosophy who are exploring concepts like altruism and the inherent nature of people.
Paul NevinProfound book that explains our modern world and the success of our species.
Reviewed in Australia on October 15, 2024
In essence, our species has thrived because we evolved social skills that led to complex social structures such as religions, rules, and hierarchies to ensure resource sharing. This not only improved our individual chances of survival but also fostered innovation, prosperity, and collective wealth. The book provides a new perspectives on formal religion, war, kin vs non-kin structures, explaining each role in the success of our species. It is especially recommended for students of philosophy who are exploring concepts like altruism and the inherent nature of people.
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- PhaidonReviewed in Germany on August 29, 2021
5.0 out of 5 stars The most interesting book I've read in quite some time
Format: HardcoverVerified PurchaseBy combining deep and detailed knowledge from the fields of anthropology, psychology, and economics, Joseph Henrich proves to be one of the great synthesizers of our time. Drawing on a wealth of recent studies, he ties them together with the sensibility of a humanist to explain how culture, society, and psychology interacted throughout history, and especially from the Middle Ages onward, to produce the WEIRD world that many of us inhabit and assume, implicitly, to be the natural order of things.
The carefully presented argument of the book should also give pause and grounds for reflection for readers concerned with the political and cultural moment of the West: those on the conservative end of things will find that human societies constantly evolve in creative and unforeseen ways, endlessly recombining and reinventing themselves to produce novel adaptive solutions; whereas those on the progressive end will face evidence to the effect that seemingly small and circumscribed changes (in this particular case, the Catholic Church's Marriage and Family Program) can have rippling effects of seismic proportions that radically alter the course of civilization, carrying over to virtually all domains of human existence -- from science, to commerce, notions of personhood, migration patterns, law, philosophy, religion, art, and much, much more.
Throughout, Henrich writes in precise, yet clear and accessible language that will appeal to both the social scientist and the curious layperson wondering about their cultural psychology and how it might have gotten there. I cannot recommend this book highly enough.