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The Rebel

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By one of the most profoundly influential thinkers of our century, The Rebel is a classic essay on revolution. For Albert Camus, the urge to revolt is one of the "essential dimensions" of human nature, manifested in man's timeless Promethean struggle against the conditions of his existence, as well as the popular uprisings against established orders throughout history. And yet, with an eye toward the French Revolution and its regicides and deicides, he shows how inevitably the course of revolution leads to tyranny, as old regimes throughout the world collapse, The Rebel resonates as an ardent, eloquent, and supremely rational voice of conscience for our tumultuous times.

Translated from the French by Anthony Bower.

320 pages, Paperback

First published January 1, 1951

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About the author

Albert Camus

681 books30.8k followers
Works, such as the novels The Stranger (1942) and The Plague (1947), of Algerian-born French writer and philosopher Albert Camus concern the absurdity of the human condition; he won the Nobel Prize of 1957 for literature.

Origin and his experiences of this representative of non-metropolitan literature in the 1930s dominated influences in his thought and work.

He also adapted plays of Pedro Calderón de la Barca, Lope de Vega, Dino Buzzati, and Requiem for a Nun of William Faulkner. One may trace his enjoyment of the theater back to his membership in l'Equipe, an Algerian group, whose "collective creation" Révolte dans les Asturies (1934) was banned for political reasons.

Of semi-proletarian parents, early attached to intellectual circles of strongly revolutionary tendencies, with a deep interest, he came at the age of 25 years in 1938; only chance prevented him from pursuing a university career in that field. The man and the times met: Camus joined the resistance movement during the occupation and after the liberation served as a columnist for the newspaper Combat.

The essay Le Mythe de Sisyphe (The Myth of Sisyphus), 1942, expounds notion of acceptance of the absurd of Camus with "the total absence of hope, which has nothing to do with despair, a continual refusal, which must not be confused with renouncement - and a conscious dissatisfaction."
Meursault, central character of L'Étranger (The Stranger), 1942, illustrates much of this essay: man as the nauseated victim of the absurd orthodoxy of habit, later - when the young killer faces execution - tempted by despair, hope, and salvation.

Besides his fiction and essays, Camus very actively produced plays in the theater (e.g., Caligula, 1944).

The time demanded his response, chiefly in his activities, but in 1947, Camus retired from political journalism.

Doctor Rieux of La Peste (The Plague), 1947, who tirelessly attends the plague-stricken citizens of Oran, enacts the revolt against a world of the absurd and of injustice, and confirms words: "We refuse to despair of mankind. Without having the unreasonable ambition to save men, we still want to serve them."

People also well know La Chute (The Fall), work of Camus in 1956.

Camus authored L'Exil et le royaume (Exile and the Kingdom) in 1957. His austere search for moral order found its aesthetic correlative in the classicism of his art. He styled of great purity, intense concentration, and rationality.

Camus died at the age of 46 years in a car accident near Sens in le Grand Fossard in the small town of Villeblevin.

Chinese 阿尔贝·加缪

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Profile Image for Ahmad Sharabiani.
9,564 reviews115 followers
September 12, 2021
(Book 530 from 1001 books) - L'Homme Révolté = The Rebel, Albert Camus

The Rebel is a 1951 book-length essay by Albert Camus, which treats both the metaphysical and the historical development of rebellion and revolution in societies, especially Western Europe.

Camus relates writers and artists as diverse as Epicurus and Lucretius, the Marquis de Sade, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Fyodor Dostoyevsky, Friedrich Nietzsche, Max Stirner, André Breton, and others in an integrated, historical portrait of man in revolt.

Examining both rebellion and revolt, which may be seen as the same phenomenon in personal and social frames, Camus examines several 'counter cultural' figures and movements from the history of Western thought and art, noting the importance of each in the overall development of revolutionary thought and philosophy. This work has received ongoing interest, influencing modern philosophers and authors such as Paul Berman and others.

عنوانهای چاپ شده در ایران: «انسان طاغی»؛ «انسان یاغی»؛ «عصیانگر»؛ نویسنده آلبر کامو، انتشاراتیها (قطره، پرسش در آبادان، نیلوفر) ادبیات؛ تاریخ نخستین خوانش: روز شانزدهم ماه آوریل سال 1996میلادی

عنوان: انسان طاغی؛ نویسنده: آلبر کامو؛ مترجم: مهبد ایرانی طلب؛ تهران، نشر قطره، 1374، در 353ص؛ چاپ دوم نشر قطره سال 1392، در336ص؛ شابک 9789643416065؛ چاپ دیگر آبادان، پرسش، 1382؛ در 291ص؛ چاپ دوم از نشر پرسش در آبادان و 1386، در 312ص؛ شابک 9789646629707؛ موضوع انقلاب - فلسفه و روانشناسی از نویسندگان فرانسه - سده 20م

عنوان: عصیانگر؛ نویسنده: آلبر کامو؛ مترجم: مهستی بحرینی؛ تهران، نیلوفر، 1387، در 404ص؛ شابک 9789644483837؛

گفتار و نگاره ای است از «آلبر کامو» در سال 1951میلادی؛ که به هر دو جنبه ی متافیزیکی، و تاریخی، گسترش طغیان و انقلاب، در جوامع بشری، به ویژه در «اروپای غربی»، می‌پردازند؛ «کامو» نویسندگان و هنرمندانی همچون «اپیکور» و «لوکرتیوس»، «مارکی دوساد»، «گئورگ ویلهلم فریدریش هگل»، «فیودور داستایفسکی»، «فریدریش نیچه»، «ماکس اشتیرنر»، «آندره بروتون» و دیگران را، در یک دیدگاه یکپارچه ی تاریخی، به انسانهای در حال طغیان مربوط می‌کنند

تاریخ بهنگام رسانی 17/07/1399هجری خورشیدی؛ 20/06/1400هجری خورشیدی؛ ا. شربیانی
Profile Image for Lisa.
1,066 reviews3,312 followers
March 6, 2018
As long as mankind has told stories, the topic of rebellion has been central.

“Man’s disobedience and the loss thereupon of Paradise”, as well as Satan’s rebellion against the oppressive authority of God in Heaven are the two main strands in Milton’s classic Paradise Lost, to just name one of countless examples, summing up human experience in unforgettable drama.

Camus analyses the topic from a philosophical and historical viewpoint, and gives a perfect example for his thesis on revolution and the development of mankind by writing this long reflective essay, rebelling against the predominant ideas of his own time.

Starting with the metaphysical revolutions of the 18th and 19th centuries, but always with the disastrous contemporary world post 1945 in mind, Camus embarks on a quest to establish the nature and consequence of revolts and revolutions, and to define the limits within which it is still possible to justify violence and stay human.

It is not an easy read, definitely not something to skim through in a couple of hours. I had to put it aside more than once and read up on other authors, as well as other texts by Camus, to eventually be able to finish it. I am happy I did, for Camus certainly was “ahead of his time”, if I may use that absurd term in honour of his celebration of absurdity in general. Writing at a time when collectivist ideology was en vogue, especially in France dominated by Sartre, he makes a claim for a reevaluation of revolutionary developments focusing on individuals and their choices and responsibilities.

What is a rebel, he asks in the initial paragraph:

“Un homme qui dit non. Mais s’il refuse, il ne renonce pas: c’est aussi un homme qui dit oui, dès son premier mouvement.”

A human who decides that a limit is reached, and change has to happen.

Camus slowly guides the reader through the various causes and effects of religious, historical and political revolts and revolutions, as well as artistic revolutions in modern society. He explains the initiatives deriving from a sense of justice, and the consequences of absolute faith in the revolutionary cause, leading to its proverbial eating its own children and turning into its opposite, until a new revolution takes place.

While Communist followers embraced individual sacrifice and collective action, encouraging violence, even murder, with the argument that the future utopian fair state would justify any means, Camus pointed to the destructive power of justice without liberty of individuals, or liberty without justice to limit it:

“En face d’une future réalisation de l’idée, la vie humaine peut être tout ou rien. Plus est grand le foi que le calculateur met dans cette réalisation, moins vaut la vie humaine.”

This idea is made perfectly clear, and more accessible, in Camus’ play Les Justes, focusing on the historical events in Russia in 1905, culminating in the murder of the Archduke and the execution of Kaliayev, the socialist terrorist. The dialogues and conflicts between different revolutionaries make the different positions come alive. As Kaliayev and his positions are discussed in detail in L’Homme révolté as well, the play and the essay can be read as complements, artistic expression and philosophical reflection supporting the thesis from different perspectives and with different audience in mind.

For many of Camus’ contemporaries, his middle way of trying to balance freedom and justice was almost treason against a religiously protected cause to change the future radically, but for our contemporary world, he seems almost prophetic. Many thinkers who have struggled to come to grips with the idea of freedom and justice have developed systems that build on Camus’ thought of balancing ideal and reality to be able to achieve tangible change.

Amartya Sen’s The Idea Of Justice for example, strongly advocates a step-by-step reform programme of feasible projects, rather than theorising or giving up the whole idea of justice altogether because a perfect world is unachievable.

Amin Maalouf, on the other hand, has shown the disastrous effects of monofocal ideological or religious identification on society, leading to violence and murder in the name of an identity that is non-negotiable, and focused on ultimately - in future - uniting the entire world under the banner of one specific idea or belief. He also speaks up for diversity, not uniformity of the world as the goal, and for giving up trying to mould the world according to one narrow minded, exclusive worldview. However, both in Sen’s and Maalouf’s approach, freedom to develop individual traditions is limited by the duty to respect other individuals’ equal rights to justice.

Camus’ response to the missionary approach to humankind is:

“La vraie générosité envers l’avenir est à tout donner au présent.”

If you work for a better world here and now, no human sacrifice in the name of a future utopia is justified. Balance of power is the democratic answer to the human condition:

“La liberté absolue raille la justice. La justice absolue nie la liberté. Pour être fécondes, les deux notions doivent trouver, l’une dans l’autre, leur limite. Aucun homme n’estime sa condition libre, si elle n’est pas juste en même temps, ni juste si elle ne se trouve pas libre.”

We certainly need to consider his passionate plaidoyer for a balanced world without extremist terrorists of one kind or the other, approving of violence in the name of their presumed future uniform, worldwide utopia.

It is time to rebel and say NO! To dogmatic violence. And it is time to say YES! To all of humankind, by respecting every individual’s right to freely develop their identity within the limits of justice.

Highly recommended!
Profile Image for William2.
785 reviews3,358 followers
Want to read
February 8, 2017
. . .As soon as a man, through lack of character, takes refuge in doctrine, as soon as crime reasons about itself, it multiplies like reason itself and assumes all the aspects of the syllogism. . . . The purpose of this essay is once again to face the reality of the present, which is logical crime, and examine meticulously the arguments by which it is justified.(p. 3)


This can be very interesting if, like me, you abhor historical Sovietism and all that it has wrought. I found that Sarah Bakewell's excellent new book At the Existentialist Café: Freedom, Being, and Apricot Cocktails provided just the background I needed to start this. Published in French in 1951, what I especially like so far is Camus's refusal to embrace the concept of the worker's collective. He writes only about the individual and his or her need for rebellion. A very brave book. For example:

Man's solidarity is founded upon rebellion, and rebellion, in its turn, can only find its justification in this solidarity. We have, then, the right to say that any rebellion which claims the right to deny or destroy this solidarity loses simultaneously its right to be called a rebellion and becomes in reality an acquiescence in murder. (p. 22)


How they must have hated him. The section on the lunatic Marquis de Sade is breathtaking. My disgust always prevented me from reading him for subtext. But Camus shows us how...

Two centuries ahead of his time and on a reduced scale, Sade extolled totalitarian societies in the name of unbridled freedom. . . . The history and the tragedy of our times really begin with him. . . . Our times have limited themselves to blending, in a curious manner, his dream of a universal republic and his technique of degradation. Finally, what he hated most, legal murder, has availed itself of the discoveries that he wanted to put to the service of instinctive murder. Crime, which he wanted to be the exotic and delicious fruit of unbridled vice, is no more today than the dismal habit of a police-controlled morality. Such are the surprises of literature. (p. 46)


Lucretius is touched upon, Valentinus and some of the other Gnostics, Milton's Paradise Lost, Dandyism, the Romantics, Ivan Karamazov's moral position on crime—particularly patricide—in Dostoyevsky's The Brothers Karamazov, and Nietzsche, of whom Camus said, "he recognized nihilism for what it was and examined it like a clinical fact." (p. 66)

"When the ends are great," Nietzsche wrote to his own detriment, "humanity employs other standards and no longer judges crimes as such even if it resorts to the most frightful means." He died in 1900, at the beginning of the century in which that pretension was to become fatal.(p. 77)


Rimbaud is "...the poet of rebellion—the greatest of all." His decision to stop writing being perhaps the ultimate act of rebellion. "He illustrates the struggle between the will to be and the desire for annihilation, between the yes and the no, which we have discovered again and again at every stage of rebellion." (p.91)
Profile Image for Eric.
575 reviews1,212 followers
January 18, 2008
Although I've always been temperamentally skeptical of Utopias, I'm thankful to Camus for completely inoculating me, as a 15-year-old, against the various postures of chic revolt so common among the teenagers of bored, affluent nations. There was no silk-screened Che across my bosom. Revolutions aren't secular versions of the Rapture, in which the "bad" government disappears, to be replaced by a new, "good" one. Revolution is generally a social calamity, a nightmare of inhumanity: one regime dissolves, and in the already violent chaos of meltdown various factions kill, rape and pillage in a struggle for ascendancy; the leaders of said factions tend to be nihilistic knaves (Lenin, Hitler) who would have lived, ranted, been ignored and died safely on the fringes of the old society. This book is an awesome display of philosophical insight and moral awareness; next to Camus, Sartre is at best a naive bourgeois, from a distance lionizing the revolutionaries who would have destroyed him if they had had the chance, and at worst a cynical degenerate, a knowing flatterer of tyrants.
Profile Image for Μαρία .
95 reviews24 followers
June 22, 2023
ΤΙ. ΑΡΙΣΤΟΥΡΓΗΜΑΤΑΡΑ. ΗΤΑΝ. ΑΥΤΗ.

Δε ξέρω τι να πρωτοσχολιάσω. Την ευρυμάθεια του Καμύ; Τη διορατικότητά του; Την αγάπη του για τον άνθρωπο που διαφαίνεται σε κάθε του έργο; Τo πόσο όμορφα γράφει; Αυτό που με εντυπωσίασε περισσότερο είναι ο αυθεντικός τρόπος σκέψης του, έξω και πέρα από κάθε ιδεολογία. Δε τοποθετείται κάτω από μια ταμπέλα, μια ιδεολογική ή πολιτική ταυτότητα.

Είναι ένα βιβλίο δύσκολο από κάθε άποψη και χρειάζεται -έστω στοιχειώδεις- γνώσεις ιστορίας, και πολύ περισσότερο φιλοσοφίας, των τριών τελευταίων αιώνων αλλά σε αποζημιώνει σε κάθε του σελίδα.

Αναμφίβολα ένα από τα πιο άξια βραβεία Νόμπελ στην ιστορία του θεσμού κι ένα από τα πιο λαμπρά μυαλά του περασμένου αιώνα.

Speechless.
Profile Image for Peiman E iran.
1,438 reviews796 followers
December 27, 2018
‎دوستانِ گرانقدر، شاید میتوان گفت که این کتاب، پیچیده ترین و البته یکی از ارزشمندترین آثارِ زنده یاد <آلبر کامو> میباشد
‎ این کتاب از پنج فصل و حدوداً 33 بخش تشکیل شده است که مهمترین مسائلی که آلبر کامو به آن پرداخته است، بدین قرار میباشد: انسان طاغی- طغیانِ متافیزیکی- نیست انگاری- طغیانِ تاریخی- ترور- تروریسم فردی- قتل- تروریسم دولتی- ترور عقلی- طغیان و انقلاب- آدمکشی تاریخی- فراسویِ نیست انگاری
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‎عزیزانم، "انسانِ طاغی"، انسانی است که تحتِ سلطه و دستورِ دیگران میباشد و همیشه جوابش <آری> بوده است... ولی به یکباره احساس میکند که دیگر در حقِ او بیش از اندازه ستم شده است، بنابراین به جایِ به کار بردنِ واژهٔ <آری> و عمل کردن به این واژه، اینبار <نه> میگوید و طغیان میک��د... او در تمامِ مدت، سکوت کرده است و وضعیتی را که ناامیدانه به آن تسلیم گردیده، پذیرفته است، با آنکه آن را بیدادگرانه می انگاشته است... سکوت اختیار کردن به آن معناست که شما باور و عقیده ای دارید و چیزی را نخواسته اید و سخنی نیز برای گفتن ندارید
‎انسانِ طاغی به یکباره بانگ و فریادِ اعتراضش بلند میشود و میخواهد با او رفتاری انسانی صورت بگیرد... او دیگر آگاه شده است و میداند که احترامِ به خویش، از هرچیزِ دیگر ارزشمندتر است
‎انسانِ طاغی برایِ رسیدن به آزادی طغیان میکند، امّا مرگ را نیز به عنوانِ آخرین چاره، به جان خریده است. چراکه میداند: ایستاده مُردن بهتر از به حالتِ زانو زده زیستن است
‎طغیان کردنِ انسانهایِ طاغی، نه تنها یکی از اشکالِ خیال پرستی نمیباشد، بلکه از واقع گراییِ راستین پشتیبانی میکند و این نوع طغیان و انقلاب چنانچه بخواهد تاریخ را به پیشرفت وا دارد و از شدتِ رنج هایِ انسانها بکاهد، اینکار را بدونِ ترور و هرچند با خشونت، به انجام میرساند... انسانِ طاغی دیگر هر اصلی را که از پیش برایِ او تعیین کرده اند و او را مجبور به پذیرشِ کورکورانهٔ آن نموده اند را قبول ندارد.. یا آزادی و برابری، یا هیچ
‎ما نباید هر خیزش و طغیانی را زادهٔ خرد بدانیم
‎امروزه، هیچ یک از اشکالِ خرد، نمیتواند مدعیِ دادنِ چیزی بیش از این به شما باشد. انقلاب و طغیان به گونه ای خستگی ناپذیر با شرارت در می افتد و هر بار از شرارت، انگیزهٔ تازه ای برایِ خویش میسازد... انسان میتواند بر هرچه که باید، بر خویشتن، سلطه یابد و آنچه را که در جهان، شایستهٔ اصلاح میباشد را اصلاح و ویرایش کند... پس از آن بازهم کودکان، ستمگرانه در جامعه جان خواهند داد. انسان حتی با بزرگترین تلاش هایِ خویش، تنها میتواند سختی ها و رنج هایِ جهان را از نظرِ عددی کاهش دهد. ولی بیدادگری و رنجِ جهان همچنان به جا خواهد ماند و هر اندازه هم که محدود باشد، بازهم ناجوانمردانه خواهد بود
‎مذاهب و ادیانِ گوناگون به انسانها اینگونه القا کرده اند که باور و ایمان داشته باشند و منتظر بمانند تا روزی که مشخص نیست چه روزی است، ستمگران و بدکاران به تقاصِ کارشان برسند... در این انتظارِ پوچ و بیهوده از سویِ انسان ها، ضعیفان و بیگناهان همچنان جان میدهند. برآیندِ شرارت و زشت کرداری در این سده ها، در جهان کاهش نیافته است.. هیچ بهشت و هیچ ملکوت و هیچ قیامتی نیز به حقیقت تبدیل نشده است و همچنان در شاخهٔ موهوماتِ نابخردانه قرار گرفته است
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‎انسان، تنها موجودِ زنده ای است که نمیخواهد آنچه را که هست، بپذیرد
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‎برایِ انسانی که بشریت را دوست دارد و از رحم و شفقتِ واقعی نسبت به بشریت برخوردار است، رستگاری و نجاتی وجود ندارد
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‎شرافت در اطاعتی نهفته است که با جنایت یکی شده است.. قانونِ نظامی، سرپیچی از فرمان را با اعدام جبران میکند، شرافتِ آن در خدمتگزاری است.. وقتی همگان نظامی شده اند، هرکه بنا به فرمان، دیگری را نکشد، جنایتکار محسوب میگردد
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‎عزیزانم و دوستانِ خردگرا، دوست داشتم بیش از اینها در موردِ این موضوع مینوشتم، ولی از حوصلهٔ این ریویو خارج است و ریویو خسته کننده میشود
‎امیدوارم این ریویو، برایِ شما دوستانِ هوشی وار، کافی و مفید بوده باشه
‎<پیروز باشید و ایرانی>
Profile Image for Mohammad Ranjbari.
243 reviews154 followers
September 22, 2018
انسان طاغی حکایت انسانی ست از بدو تاریخ، که از دوران هلنیستی و جهان یونانی و رومی گذر کرده و سنت کلاسیک را تا رنسانس و انقلاب کبیر فرانسه پیش برده است. با ورود به جهان مدرن بسیاری از سنت های او توسط آلبر کامو نقد و بررسی می شود. انسانی که راهی جز طغیان در پیش روی خود نمی بیند، زیرا جهان را هرگونه تنظیم کند، باز عصیان و مخالفت در کمین اوست. زیبایی و طبیعت توسط تمدن ها تهدید می شوند. سوسیالیسم و جامعۀ مدنی به اسم برقراری آزادی، آزادی را از هر کسی سلب می کند، مارکسیسم و جنبش کارگری، نتیجه ای جز تولد هزاران توده با نقشۀ راهی کاملاً نامعلوم ندارد. بدین ترتیب انسان فلسفی تر می اندیشد. آلبر کامو به مفهوم قدرت، تنهایی، مرگ، زندگی و جهان، تحلیلی فسلفی تزریق کرده و اثبات می کند حتی فلسفه نیز خیانتی بزرگ، در این قرن است!

ما در عصر جنایت های کامل و با نیت های قبلی به سر می بریم. جنایتکاران این عصر دیگر آن کودکان بی پناهی نیستند که عشق را بهانه می کردند. برعکس افراد بالغ اند و بهانۀ کاملی هم دارند: فلسفه. و فلسفه می تواند به هر منظوری به کار بسته شود، حتی برای تبدیل آدمکشان به قاضیان.
ص 7
در عصر مدرن، بنیان های اخلاقی هم غیر قابل اعتماد و هم رادیکال می شود. نمی توان نه متکی به اصل اخلاقی شد و نه بدان استناد کرد. زیرا مردم در عین مظلومیت و فقر آرزوی تجربه کردن دیکتاتوری و ظالم بودن را دارند.
اگر حق بی شرافت بودن به مردم عرضه شود، می توان اطمینان داشت که بر سر دست خواهندش برد!
ص 80

با بررسی های جامعه شناختی، کامو وارد مهمترین جنبۀ طغیان می شود: طغیان در هنر. هنر فعالیتی که در سرشت خود هم انکار می کند و هم می ستاید. برای آفرینش هنری، هنرمند باید هم واقعیت را رد کند و هم آن را بستاید. هنر با واقعیت به مناقشه بر می خیزد، اما خود را از آن پنهان نمی کند.
واقع گرایی، نبوغ و زیبایی از دیگر مولفه های مورد بررسی قرار گرفته در این کتاب است. آخرین گفتارهای کامو بطرز عجیب و غیرمستقیم، خواهشی از سرشت انسان امروزی ست تا از دیکتاتوری و جزم گرایی دوری کند.

حق با افلاطون است، نه موسی و نیچه: گفتگو در سطح انسانی بهای کمتری می برد تا انجیلی که از سوی رژیم های توتالیتر در هیأت تک گویی آمرانه از فراز قلۀ کوهی تنها، بر انسان فرو خوانده می شود. در زندگی واقعی هم، به مانند صحنۀ تئاتر، تک گویی مقدمۀ مرگ است.
ص 307

1397/06/31
Profile Image for Rakhi Dalal.
217 reviews1,467 followers
Want to read
December 9, 2014
Camus makes me think. He is the author who has the power to steer my thoughts, along the line of his beliefs. He is dead. If he were alive, I am sure he would have supported the readers' movement against the irrational outlook of GR administration as regarding the freedom of readers to express their views. He would have hailed their rebellion and joined in to support, because I am sure he understood that all readers have their own opinions. He wouldn't be bothered by criticism.

As the choreographer, Mark Morris (http://www.theparisreview.org/blog/20...) says :

“You don’t have to like me, you don’t have to like my work, but you have to be able to say something about it. I love a vicious review, really ripping something apart, there’s nothing better than that! But it has to be done really courageously and accurately.”

I think Manny is one reviewer who has stood for what he feels is right and I join in to add my support by deciding not to review this work, which, as I read, I know will influence me for times to come.

Posted with Manny's permission, his deleted review:

HYDRA

In the shower just now, I suddenly had a Eureka moment. The aspect of this current censorship war that's been upsetting us most is the feeling of powerlessless. Goodreads can arbitrarily change the rules, and they hardly even bother to respond when we complain. But we are not powerless. There are twenty million of us, and only a few dozen of them. We just need to get a little more organized, and we can easily resist.

So here's one concrete way to do it, based on the legend of Hercules. You will recall that Hercules had a difficult time against the Lernean Hydra; every time he cut off one of its heads, ten more grew back. We can do the same thing if we adopt the following plan:

1. Back up all your reviews, so that you have a copy of everything you have posted.

2. If you think that one of your reviews has been unreasonably deleted by Goodreads, repost it with an image of the Hydra at the top.

3. If you see someone else posting a Hydra review, make a copy of it and post it yourself.

We can improve this basic scheme with a little thought; for example, it would be better to have a place where we keep HTML marked-up source of reviews, so that they can immediately be reposted with the same formatting, and we need a plan for duplicating deleted shelves. But we can sort that out later. Without getting too bogged down in the details, I'm sure you see what will happen. The net result of Goodreads unreasonably deleting a review will be that it immediately comes back in many different places.

People who know their Greek mythology will be aware that Hercules did in fact defeat the Hydra, and Goodreads can use the same method if they dare; they can close down the account of anyone who participates in the scheme. That will work, but I am not sure that anything less drastic will be effective. I think Goodreads will be reluctant to escalate to this level. A large proportion of the most active reviewers are now part of the protest movement, and they would be losing much of the content that makes the site valuable. Even more to the point, the media have already started to get interested (maybe you saw the article in the Washington Post). They would love the story, and it would create a mountain of bad publicity for Goodreads and Amazon.

I'd say the odds are heavily in our favor. Why don't we try it? I promise now to respond to any Hydra calls.




Profile Image for Elham.
82 reviews182 followers
May 20, 2016
The Rebel is the longest and at some points most difficult essay I’ve ever read. I think the title of the book itself is enough attractive for both Camus fans and other readers to choose this book.

But who is a rebel?!

A rebel is someone who says no – to a master. He was a slave, a labor, perhaps a mechanical iron man built by bolts and nuts who did whatever he was said to do. But the moment he rises and rebels he feels the stream of blood in his veins. He feels he’s alive. Despite this alive and fresh change, in order to move ahead, he needs to – kill.

Atrocities have two reasons: love and philosophy. Heathcliff could kill anybody without bothering himself to ask why he killed. He was in love. But once came a day when people killed because they thought they had a rational philosophy for it. They killed because they believed in freedom, peace, equality, a country with no social class. At this point the truth was twisted. Where were they going? Nobody knew.

In 19th century human beings killed God. They proved that there wasn’t any God for real in anytime. Nihilists rode their horses. A true nihilist killed himself a real one killed others. Now that there wasn’t any God, and any purpose to living for, men tried to create their own rules.

In this book only the non-religious rebellion was discussed, however we can have rebellion based on religion. The ideologies are different but I think they have so many similarities with each other; both believe in future, both believe in universality, and both of them kill.

This book was written 60 years ago, but one can see that the idea is still new.
Profile Image for Manny.
Author 34 books14.9k followers
November 21, 2008

Interesting book, though I also found it challenging to read. I don't know nearly enough about French literature or philosophy. But the basic question he asks is extremely relevant. We hate injustice, and intuitively it seems clearly right to revolt against unjust authority. So why does it nearly always go so wrong when we do so, and end up with an even worse injustice?
Profile Image for فؤاد.
1,082 reviews1,928 followers
Read
May 14, 2016
به علت ترجمه ی بد و متن سنگین و جذاب نبودن موضوع، نیمه کاره رها کردم.
البته بی انصافی نکنم، بعضی بخش هاش که ترجمه بد نبود و متن هم سنگین نبود، خیلی برام جذاب بود، مثل بخش های مربوط به تحلیل برادران کارامازوف و مارکی دوساد.
Profile Image for P.E..
814 reviews658 followers
August 7, 2021
'I rebel, therefore we are.'


Attached to this review:
https://www.goodreads.com/review/show...


ALSO SEE:

Rebellion:
Caligula
The Just
Runaway Horses

Rationalism and totality:
The Origins of Totalitarianism
Propaganda
Psychologie Des Foules
Crime and Punishment

Other definitions of liberty:
God and the State
On Liberty
The Law
Liberty and Property

History of ideas in the 19th century:
La création des identités nationales. Europe, XVIIIe-XXe siècle
Nouvelle histoire des guerres de Vendée
La France du XIXe siècle. 1814-1914
La Révolution Française
Histoire De La Russie Et De Son Empire
De la Démocratie en Amérique, tome I
De la Démocratie en Amérique, tome II


Quotes:

'Le fascisme, c'est le mépris, en effet. Inversement, toute forme de mépris, si elle intervient en politique, prépare ou instaure le fascisme.
[...]
On n'interpose pas entre le chef et le peuple un organisme de conciliation ou de médiation, mais l'appareil justement, c'est-à-dire le parti qui est l'émanation du chef et l'outil de sa volonté d'oppression.'


'La liberté absolue, c'est le droit pour le plus fort de dominer. Elle maintient donc les conflits qui profitent à l'injustice. La justice absolue passe par la suppression de toute contradiction : elle détruit la liberté.'

'La révolte n'est nullement une revendication de liberté totale. Au contraire, la révolte fait le procès de la liberté totale. Elle conteste justement le pouvoir illimité qui autorise un supérieur à violer la frontière interdite. Loin de revendiquer une indépendance générale, le révolté veut qu'il soit reconnu que la liberté a ses limites partout où se trouve un être humain, la limite étant précisément le pouvoir de révolte de cet être. [...] La liberté qu'il réclame, il la revendique pour tous ; celle qu'il refuse, il l'interdit à tous. Il n'est pas seulement esclave contre maître, mais aussi homme contre le monde du maître et de l'esclave.'


'Le monde marche à l'aventure, il n'a pas de finalité. Dieu est donc inutile, puisqu'il ne veut rien. S'il voulait quelque chose [...] il lui faudrait assumer « une somme de douleur et d'illogisme qui abaisserait la valeur totale du devenir ». [...] Privé de la volonté divine, le monde est également privé d'unité et de finalité. C'est pourquoi le monde ne peut être jugé.'


'L'ascèse nietzschéenne, partie de la reconnaissance de la fatalité, aboutit à une divinisation de la fatalité. [...] Le mouvement de révolte où l'homme revendiquait son être propre disparaît sans la soumission absolue de l'individu au devenir. L'amor fati remplace ce qui était un odium fati.'

'Nietzsche est bien ce qu'il reconnaissait être : la conscience la plus aiguë du nihilisme. Le pas décisif qu'il fait accomplir à l'esprit de révolte consiste à le faire sauter de la négation de l'idéal à la sécularisation de l'idéal. Puisque le salut de l'homme ne se fait pas en Dieu, il doit se faire sur la terre. Puisque le monde n'a pas de direction, l'homme, à partir du moment où il l'accepte, doit lui en donner une, qui aboutisse à une humanité supérieure.

'Le nietzschéisme, théorie de la volonté de puissance individuelle, était condamné à s'inscrire dans une volonté de puissance totale. Il n'était rien sans l'empire du monde. Nietzsche haïssait sans doute les libres-penseurs et les humanitaires. Il prenait les mots « liberté de l'esprit » dans leur sens le plus extrême : la divinité de l'esprit individuel. Mais il ne pouvait pas empêcher que les libres-penseurs partissent du même fait historique que lui, la mort de Dieu, et que les conséquences fussent les mêmes. Nietzsche a bien vu que l'humanitarisme n'était qu'un christianisme privé de justification supérieure, qui conservait les causes finales en rejetant la cause première. Mais il n'a pas aperçu que les doctrines d'émancipation socialistes devaient prendre en charge, par une logique inévitable du nihilisme, ce dont lui-même avait rêvé : la surhumanité.'


'L'homme, au bout de sa révolte, s'enfermait; sa grande liberté consistait seulement, du château tragique de Sade au camp de concentration, à bâtir la prison de ses crimes. Mais l'état de siège peu à peu se généralise, la revendication de liberté veut s'étendre à tous. Il faut bâtir alors le seul royaume qui s'oppose à celui de la grâce, celui de la justice, et réunir enfin la communauté humaine sur les débris de la communauté divine.'


'La revendication de justice aboutit à l'injustice si elle n'est pas fondée d'abord sur une justification éthique de la justice. Faute de quoi, le crime aussi, un jour, devient devoir. Quand le mal et le bien sont réintégrés dans le temps, confondus avec les évènements, rien n'est plus bon ou mauvais, mais seulement prématuré ou périmé. Qui décidera de l'opportunité, sinon l'opportuniste ?'


'Dans la pensée fixe de son temps, la pensée allemande a introduit tout d'un coup un mouvement irrésistible. La vérité, la raison et la justice se sont brusquement incarnées dans le devenir du monde. Mais, en les jetant dans une accélération perpétuelle, l'idéologie allemande confondait leur être avec leur mouvement et fixait l'avènement de cet être à la fin du devenir historique, s'il en était une. Ces valeurs ont cessé d'être des repères pour devenir des buts. Quant aux moyens d'atteindre ces buts, c'est à dire la vie et l'histoire, aucune valeur préexistante ne pouvait les guider. Au contraire, une grande partie de la démonstration hégélienne consiste à prouver que la conscience morale, dans sa banalité, celle qui obéit à la justice et à la vérité comme si ces valeurs existaient hors du monde, compromet, précisément, l'avènement de ces valeurs. La règle de l'action est donc devenue l'action elle-même qui doit se dérouler dans les ténèbres en attendant l'illumination finale. La raison, annexée par ce romantisme, n'est plus qu'une passion inflexible.

[...] L'action n'est plus qu'un calcul en fonction des résultats, non des principes. Elle se confond, par conséquent, avec un mouvement perpétuel.'

=> Ceci dit, Camus prend l'exemple de Napoléon...
Autrement dit ce calcul rationnel de l'efficacité des moyens mis au service d'une fin est inscrite dans le mouvement de la Révolution de 1789, puisque la Révolution permet justement l'avènement d'un Barras, puis d'un Napoléon. Encore qu'on pourrait remonter bien plus en amont encore.'


[Sur Hegel et ses héritiers: ]

'Le cynisme, la divinisation de l'histoire et de la matière, la terreur individuelle ou le crime d'État, ces conséquences démesurées vont alors naître, toutes armées, d'une équivoque conception du monde qui remet à la seule histoire de produire les valeurs et la vérité. Si rien ne peut se concevoir clairement avant que la vérité, à la fin des temps ait été mise au jour, toute action est arbitraire, la force finit par régner. [...] L'attitude de Hegel consiste à dire : « Ceci est la vérité, qui nous paraît pourtant l'erreur, mais qui est vraie, justement parce qu'il lui arrive d'être l'erreur. Quant à la preuve, ce n'est pas moi, mais l'histoire, à son achèvement, qui l'administrera. » Une pareille prétention ne peut entraîner que deux attitudes : ou la suspension de toute affirmation jusqu'à l'administration de la preuve, ou l'affirmation de tout ce qui, dans l'histoire, semble voué au succès, la force en premier lieu. Dans les deux cas, un nihilisme.'

'On ne comprend pas en tout cas la pensée révolutionnaire du XXe siècle si on néglige le fait que, par une fortune malheureuse, elle a puisé une grande partie de son inspiration dans une philosophie du conformisme et de l'opportunisme. La vraie révolte n'est pas mise en cause par les perversions de cette pensée.'


'Le marxisme n'est pas scientifique ; il est, au mieux, scientiste. Il fait éclater le divorce profond qui s'est établi entre la raison scientifique, fécond instrument de recherche, de pensée, et même de révolte, et la raison historique, inventée par l'idéologie allemande dans sa négation de tout principe. [...] [La raison historique] mène le monde en même temps qu'elle prétend le juger.'


'Si le socialisme, dit un essayiste libertaire [Ernestan], est un éternel devenir, ses moyens sont sa fin. Exactement, il n'a pas de fin, il n'a que des moyens qui ne sont garantis par rien s'ils ne sont garantis par une valeur étrangère au devenir. [...]

Il n'y a donc dans cet univers, aucune raison d'imaginer la fin de l'histoire. Elle est pourtant la seule justification des sacrifices demandés, au nom du marxisme, à l'humanité. Mais elle n'a pas d'autres fondement raisonnable qu'une pétition de principe qui introduit dans l'histoire, royaume qu'on voulait unique et suffisant, une valeur étrangère à l'histoire. Comme cette valeur est en même temps étrangères à la morale, elle n'est pas à proprement parler une valeur sur laquelle on puisse régler sa conduite, elle est un dogme sans fondement qu'on peut faire sien dans le mouvement désespéré d'une pensée qui étouffe de solitude ou de nihilisme, ou qu'on se verra imposer par ceux à qui le dogme profite. La fin de l'histoire n'est pas une valeur d'exemple et de perfectionnement. Elle est une valeur d'arbitraire et de terreur.'


'L'Empire suppose une négation et une certitude : la certitude de l'infinie plasticité de l'homme et la négation de la nature humaine. Les techniques de propagande servent à mesurer cette plasticité et tentent de faire coïncider réflexion et réflexe conditionné.'


'Qu'est-ce que le roman, en effet, sinon cet univers où l'action trouve sa forme, où les mots de la fin sont prononcés, les êtres livrés aux êtres, où toute vie prend le visage du destin. Le monde romanesque n'est que la correction de ce monde-ci, suivant le désir profond de l'homme.'


----

The Cold War Exhibition in the Caen Memorial to WW2 and the Cold War


The War Room in Dr Strangelove - Stanley Kubrick (1964)
Profile Image for Leila.
117 reviews225 followers
August 20, 2014
صفحه به صفحه این کتاب باید خوند و عمیقا بهش فکر کرد.تو این کتاب کامو دیگه مثل قبلا یک داستان روایت نمیکنه،مقاله فلسفی هست در سه بخش عصیانگر متافیزیکی و تاریخی و هنر .تو این کتاب عصیان رو در مقابل نیست انگاری قرار میده و روح عصیانگری رو میبره تو قالب یک انقلابی یک هنرمند و مکتب ها و نظریه های سایر فیلسوف ها رو مورد بحث قرار میده که چطور یک انسان طاغی میتونه با سرکشی و روحیه عصیانگریش آبادی و خرابی به بار بیاره .خیلی جاها تو کتاب مثل قسمت تاریخی و فلسفی واقعا نیاز داره که از قبل با شخصیت ها آشنایی کامل داشته باشی تا از مطالبش لذت ببری بخاطر همین دلیل،خوندن این کتاب واسه من کمی سخت و طولانی شد ولی اونقدر مطلب ازش یاد گرفتم که به اندازه چندین کتاب مفید بودن
Profile Image for Nikola Jankovic.
591 reviews121 followers
December 25, 2023
Pročitaš Mit o Sizifu. Ogled o apsurdu, boli te glava dok se probijaš kroz gustinu ideja, ali na kraju zaključiš da je to intelektualni poduhvat kakav se teško ponavlja. Deluje da je nemoguće da te i ovaj esej dužine knjige povede na takvo putovanje.

Nije lako štivo, ali vredi se i ovde vraćati, guglovati reference - vredi i priznati da čak i kad se trudiš, ponekad nećeš uspeti da se popneš na taj intelektualni nivo. Lepše bi bilo razgovarati uživo, ali danas smo više prisiljeni da fotografišemo tekst, pa ga ubacujemo u ChatGPT, ponovo bivati iznenađen kako GPT-4 uspeva neke zaključke da stavi u pravi kontekst.

"Šta je pobunjeni čovek? Čovek koji kaže 'ne'. Rob koji čitavog života prima naređenja, novi nalog odjednom doživljava kao neprihvatljiv. 'Ovo suviše dugo traje', 'dovde da, odavde ne'... To 'ne' potvrđuje postojanje granice. On se suprotstavlja poretku koji guši neko pravo i ukazuje na pravo čije kršenje neće trpeti. Ćutati znači ostaviti utisak da čovek nema stav, i da ništa ne želi, a u određenim slučajevima to znači u potpunosti se miriti sa takvim stanjem."

"Postoje zločini iz strasti i zločini logike" je prva rečenica, a nastavlja se istorijom i analizom pobune, od Prometeja do revolucije 1917. Ova istorijsko-filozofsko-literarna studija je objavljena 1951., a u njoj Kami analizira različite oblike pobune, kombinuje filozofsku dubinu sa razmatranjem dnevnopolitičke i moralne stvarnosti. Osim toga, tu su i neprevaziđeni Niče, tu je Ivan Karamazov, tu su drugi veliki pobunjenici književnosti.

Kami pokušava da shvati šta pojedine pobune imaju zajedničko - najpre pobuna protiv boga i zaključak da je bog mrtav, pa filozofska shvatanja (da Niče, na primer, nije ubio boga, već je jednostavno mislio da je rođen u svetu u kom je bog već mrtav), a kasnije fokus pre svega na Francusku i Oktobarsku revoluciju. Da li je moguće imati etičku i moralno čistu pobunu - ili je čak i ono što počne sa najčistijim namerama, osuđeno na to da od nekog trenutka ne može više da poštuje ljudsku slobodu i dostojanstvo? Svi želimo i pravdu i slobodu, ali da li je moguće i jedno i drugo? Vremenom shvatiš da, naravno, nije ("Apsolutna sloboda je pravo najjačeg da vlada, a najveća sloboda je sloboda počiniti ubistvo."), pa je stoga možda i svaka revolucija pre ili kasnije osuđena na kršenje svojih početnih principa i onoga zbog čega je pokrenuta. Da li je neko ubistvo opravdano zarad većih ideja? Da li je, na primer, trebalo ubiti kralja 1793. godine? I ako jeste, u kom trenutku je trebalo zaustaviti giljotinu, da bi se sačuvao duh revolucije?

Ovaj francuski velikan je bio socijalista, ali je ovde za razliku od Sartra, oštro kritikovao Sovjetski savez i Staljinizam. Međutim, jasno ti je da ne kritikuje iz zle namere, ili zbog toga što je uveren da komunizam nije moguć - naprotiv, kritikuje iz ljubavi, zato što želi pravu i čistu revoluciju. Čak i kad te natera da zaključiš da tako nešto možda nije ni moguće, Kami se ne predaje, nije ciničan i ne zaključuje da bolji svet nije moguć. "Ovo je pokušaj da se shvati sopstveno doba. Da li je nedužnost, onog časa kad počne da dela, prinuđena da ubija. Možemo delati samo u svom vremenu i među ljudima koji nas okružuju. Ništa nećemo shvatiti ako ne utvrdimo da li imamo pravo da ubijemo drugog čoveka, ili bar da prihvatimo da on bude ubijen. Važno je da ustanovimo kako da se ponašamo u svetu, takvom kakvog smo zatekli.

Ova knjiga ne nameće mišljenje, često ni ne daje odgovore - ali zato postavlja itekako teška pitanja. Dok sam pokušavao da odgovorim na njih, osećao sam se uzbuđen, kao da sam na prvoj godini faksa i upijam neke nove fascinantne ideje - i zar nije to najbolja moguća preporuka za knjigu? Možda treba da postoje preduslovi da bi ti se dopala kao meni (zaljubljenost u istoriju, levi pogled na svet, egzistencijalizam kao životna vodilja), ali subjektivno... Nikomahova etika, Mit o Sizifu. Ogled o apsurdu, Država, Pobunjeni čovek. Nema mnogo ovakvih.
Profile Image for Steven  Godin.
2,564 reviews2,741 followers
July 18, 2019
There was a time a few years ago when I read a lot of Camus, there was a big binge on him in fact, as I was deeply interested in his work, both fiction and non-fiction. But that interest slowly started to wear down and he was eventually nudged aside, because, dare I say it, I'd had enough of him. Not because he wasn't a brilliant writer, of course he was, but because I simply read too much of him. Well, I really should have read this back then, when his books really fascinated me more. Camus here explores the act of rebellion through the history of metaphysical and political revolt. He looks at the concepts of the Marquis de Sade, Baudelaire,Dostolevsky, Nietzsche, Marx, Hegel to name a few. He conceives of revolt as an essentially positive act, at once against and for something. Man's hope lies in the rebel who revolts in the name of moderation and life, who joins through his act in the common fate, who tempers his revolt with a restraint that leads away from the vicious circling to successive dictatorships. This exploration into nihilism and rebellion in which Camus is full of ideas to point out new, stimulating areas of thought will be appreciated by the intellectual type and those studying philosophy. Camus's essays and non-fiction though aren't really aimed at the casual reader. The Rebel, although well written and though thought-provoking, didn't stimulate me, philosophically speaking, as much as what I'd hoped it would. I though the big break of not reading him would have made him feel fresh, like when I first read him, but it didn't. I've moved on, in literary terms anyway. It's a 3/5 for me.
Profile Image for Hendrik.
409 reviews92 followers
April 12, 2021
Das Buch habe ich mal vor fast fünfundzwanzig Jahren gekauft, aber damals anscheinend nur zu einem Drittel gelesen. Jedenfalls verrät mir das ein Lesezeichen, dass ich darin gefunden habe. Schade eigentlich, denn so ist mir doch einiges Interessantes entgangen. Besonders der letzte Teil, in dem Albert Camus für ein mittelmeerisches Denken plädiert, das im Grundsatz die Relativität aller Weltanschauungen betont und ganz allgemein die Menschlichkeit über abstrakte Systeme stellt.
Was immer wir tun, die Maßlosigkeit wird stets ihren Platz im Herzen des Menschen bewahren, wo die Einsamkeit beheimatet ist. Wir tragen alle unsere Kerker, unsere Verbrechen und Verheerungen in uns. Doch unsere Aufgabe ist es nicht, sie in der Welt zu entfesseln, sondern sie in uns und den anderen zu bekämpfen. (S.340)

Die wahre Großzügigkeit der Zukunft gegenüber besteht darin, in der Gegenwart alles zu geben. (S.343)
Sehr lesenswert und immer noch aktuell. Gerade in Zeiten zunehmender Polarisierung und unversöhnlicher Meinungen.
June 30, 2019
Cogito ergo sum, λέει ο Descartes. Rebel ergo sum διαφωνεί ο Καμύ. Επαναστατώ άρα ορίζω την ύπαρξη μου, καταστρέφω άρα ζω, σφυρηλατώ άρα δίνω πνοή στο αμάλγαμα που συντελεί το καλούπι μου, χαλυβδώνοντας το με έναν σκοπό. «Κάθε επανάσταση είναι μια επανάσταση απέναντι στη μοίρα μας. Όλες οι υπόλοιπες αφορμές είναι απλά προφάσεις και δικαιολογίες» συνεχίζει με την πένα ανελέητη στο χέρι του. Όντως, ο σκλάβος νιώθει το αίμα του να κοχλάζει στα μηλίγγια του, εξεγείρεται με ζέση απέναντι στην μοίρα του, στη μοίρα του σκλάβου, και ξαφνικά η δική του παρατημένη μοίρα που μέχρι πριν βρισκόταν στο έλεος του θεού, τώρα γίνεται ένα με τη μοίρα κάθε καταπιεσμένου, κάθε κάστας. Κάθε ξεχωριστή έπαλξη, κάθε μοναχικό μετερίζι, γίνονται πλέον γειτονικές πολεμίστρες του ίδιου κάστρου. Η επανάσταση που σιγόβραζε στον έναν σε μια μισοσβησμένη θράκα, με την ολότητα της εξέγερσης, γίνεται αγριεμένη φωτιά, εύφλεκτη και ανεξέλεγκτη σαν κηροζίνη, που καίει ολόκληρη τη γενιά της καταπίεσης. Οι επαναστάσεις για να πετύχουν, απαιτούν μια καθολικότητα. Αυτό ευελπιστεί να πετύχει και ο παραγκωνισμένος αντικομφορμιστής με την άρνηση του, να ξεφύγει από τον ρόλο του εγκαταλελειμμένου ντεσπεράντο, και να ανελιχθεί σε κάτι ανώτερο, σε μια παγκοσμιοποιημένη συνείδηση που τον εξυψώνει πάνω απ τον ανθρώπινη ευτέλεια, και τον κάνει μέρος μιας ιδέας. Όπως μας λέει και ο Καμύ, η εξέγερση έχει την τάση να προσβάλλει τα έθνη σαν μια «πανούκλα» (νύξη για το μυθιστόρημα του ‘η πανούκλα’). Από τη στιγμή που το πρώτο κορμί θα σηκωθεί ενάντια στο μαστίγιο, ο πρώτος σκλάβος θα απελευθερωθεί, και ο πρώτος αφέντης θα χάσει την ισχύ του. Το τίμημα του σκλάβου όμως μερικές φορές είναι πολύ δαπανηρό. Ο οβολός της χειραφέτησης είναι αμείλικτος και σχεδόν σε κάθε επανάσταση η ελευθερία μετριέται σε αίμα και θυσία. Εδώ έγκειται και το παράλογο του παρ όλα αυτά. Σαν σκλάβος λες ότι επαναστατείς γιατί θέλεις να ζήσεις. Θέλεις ως επί το πλείστον να ζήσεις μια ζωή καλύτερη από εκείνη που σε ταλαιπωρούσε μέχρι τώρα. Ωστόσο πληρώνεις την ελευθερία σου με εκείνη τη ζωή που πριν από λίγο ζύγιζε το βάρος της σε ανάσες που σε έκαναν να λαχταράς την ύπαρξη. «Εκείνο που αποτελεί ένας εξαιρετικός λόγος για να ζήσεις, είναι και ένας εξαίσιος λόγος για να πεθάνεις». Όμως τι έρχεται μετά την επανάσταση; Τι είναι εκείνο που μας κάνει να απαιτούμε την αλλαγή; Ο Χέγκελ και ο Νίτσε, εριστικοί και ρωμαλέοι ιδεαλιστές, δίχως δεύτερη σκέψη, με την αρρενωπή φωνή του πολέμου απαντούν: «Η θέληση για δύναμη!». Η επιβίωση, η ύπαρξη, κάθε τι που κάνεις κάθε στιγμή που περνάει είναι ένα μέσο ενός σκοπού που οδηγεί σε κάτι απώτερο, στην εξουσία. Όταν φτιάξαμε τις πρώτες αγελαίες κοινωνίες, πασχίσαμε να επικρατήσουμε επί των φυσικών φαινομένων και της βίαιης φύσης, πασχίσαμε να κρατηθούμε με νύχια και με δόντια ζωντανοί, γιατί έτσι μας υποδείκνυε το ένστικτο της εξουσίας και της δύναμης. Όταν πλάσαμε τον θεό μας, και ορίσαμε τον εκλεκτό του μεσάζοντα για να μας μεταφέρει το ουράνιο του διάψαλμα μέσω του πολιτεύματος και της ηθικής, επαναστατήσαμε ενάντια στην απολυταρχία και τον ζωώδη νατουραλιστικό μας βίο που εμπόδιζε την εξέλιξη και το ευ ζην, και κατά κύριο λόγο επαναστατήσαμε απέναντι στον Θάνατο. Στην συνέχεια όταν ο σαν λαός είχαμε απηυδήσει από την αυθαιρεσία του θεόσταλτου βασιλιά που είχε σφετεριστεί τη θεία χάρη για το δικό του συμφέρον, έπρεπε να επαναστατήσουμε ξανά. Ο βασιλιάς έπρεπε να πεθάνει και νέοι νόμοι έπρεπε να γεννηθούν. Σύραμε τον μονάρχη έξω από τα φανταχτερά του κάστρα και τον οδηγήσαμε στην γκιλοτίνα, ενώ ο θεός περί��ενε τη σειρά του κλειδωμένος στο μπουντρούμι. Ο βασιλιάς πέθανε, η ώρα του θεού ήρθε. Ναι. Η επανάσταση ξεπέρασε τα όρια, σκότωσε τον θεό, επέτρεψε τον φόνο, έγδαρε έκαψε είπε ψέματα και ρήμαξε, ενάντια σε όλα όσα στηλίτευε, για να γεννηθεί ένα νέο πολίτευμα. Η έτσι πιστεύαμε…. Τελικά μετά τον θάνατο του θεού το τίμημα ήταν ανυπολόγιστο. Ο απολυταρχικός αμοραλισμός, έπεσε ασήκωτος στα στήθια του ανθρώπου και ο ορθολογισμός εξώθησε την τετράγωνη λογική μας στην παράνοια, κατακρημνισμένη στα βάθη της επαγωγικής σκέψης. Τη θέση του θεού πήρε η λογική, και αναπόφευκτα, σχεδόν μοιραία, τη θέση της λογικής πήρε ο μηδενισμός. Τη κατάληξη αυτή μας βοηθάει να καταλάβουμε ο Ντοστογιέφσκι. Στο έργο του, «Οι Αδερφοί Καραμάζωφ» δίνεται ένα εξαιρετικό παράδειγμα της μηδενιστικής κατάληξης. Ο άθεος Ιβάν Καραμάζωφ, κραδαίνοντας πάντα τον τίτλο του χειραφετημένου απ τον θεό του σαν λάβαρο, ξαφνικά νιώθει για πρώτη φορά τη φρίκη της λογικής και σχεδόν τρελαίνεται. «Αν υπάρχει θεός τότε πως γίνεται να επιτρέπει τον θάνατο των παιδιών;» διερωτάται. Ο θάνατος των παιδιών του ήταν αδιανόητος. Ο δρόμος της λογικής που είχε διαλέξει δε χωρούσε καμία τροχοπέδη. Η αλήθεια έστεκε γυμνή μπροστά του δείχνοντας του το χειρότερο της πρόσωπο. «Άρα δε γίνεται να υπάρχει θεός, ή αν υπάρχει τότε είναι φονιάς, αφού μας δίνει ζωή σε ένα σύμπαν που υπάρχουμε μόνο για να γίνουμε σπορά στα χωράφια του θανάτου. Και αφού ο θάνατος επιτρέπεται από τον εδραιωτή της ηθικής…. Τότε όλα επιτρέπονται!» Πράγματι. Αν δεν υπάρχει θεός τότε δεν υπάρχει αρετή, και αν δεν υπάρχει αρετή τότε όλα είναι επιτρεπτά. Η κόλαση είναι ανοιχτή και μας περιμένει. Μας λέει ο ηδυπαθής Μαρκήσιος Ντε Σαντ. Είναι αλήθεια πως απ τη στιγμή που αποφασίζεις να ξεκινήσεις την επανάσταση, μπαίνεις σε έναν δρόμο που διακατέχεται από το δόγμα και το πάθος. Τα βράχια της ακρότητας πλησιάζουν όλο και πιο κοντά στο καράβι της επανάστασης από τη στιγμή που οι φλογερές καρδίες παίρνουν το πηδάλιο στα χέρια τους. Η καταστροφή, και ο θάνατος σε κάθε επανάσταση ήταν αναπόφευκτα. Από την τσαρική Ρωσία του 19ου αιώνα και τον έφηβο μηδενιστή Σεργκέι Νετσάγιεφ που στο όνομα της επανάστασης πέρασε προς τις όχθες του θανάτου, μέχρι τον σοσιαλισμό και τον Λένιν που στο όνομα της ουτοπίας που υποσχέθηκε ο Μαρξ κατέστρεψε και υιοθέτησε όλα εκείνα τα μέσα που έταξε πως θα αποβάλλονταν από τον νέο κόσμο, τα παραδείγματα της επαναστατημένης παρανόησης είναι αναρίθμητα. Και το κυρίαρχο παράδειγμα της καταστροφικότατης του μηδενισμού δεν ήταν άλλο από τα Ράιχ και τον φασισμό. Ο Γερμανικός ναζισμός ήταν ένας αδίστακτος δυναμισμός λιμοκτονημένος και εξαθλιωμένος, που έδωσε το καλύτερο έδαφος για την ωρίμανση της μηδενιστικής αυτοκαταστροφικότητας. Το μότο του ναζισμού ήταν το όλα η τίποτα. Και τελικά κατέληξε να θυσιάσει ένα ελπιδοφόρο «όλα» για ένα αδιανόητο «τίποτα». Αυτό που ζητάει ο επαναστάτης στον κόσμο είναι μια ολότητα. Είναι η άρση της απομόνωσης που ασπάζεται την συντροφικότητα και την αποδοχή. Είμαστε διαφορετικοί απ τα ζώα επειδή η ανθρώπινη συνείδηση μας αναγνωρίζεται και από την συνείδηση του περίγυρου μας. Η συνείδηση είναι η αποδοχή και η καθολικότητα. Η επαναστατημένη απομόνωση οδηγεί σε φρικαλεότητες. Στα τελευταία κεφάλαια του επαναστατημένου ανθρώπου, ο Καμύ, βρίθει από συναισθηματισμό, φωνάζει για ζωή και καλεί τον αναγνώστη, τον μηδενιστή, τον επαναστάτη, τον δογματικό, τον μεταρρυθμιστή, τον ουτοπιστή να δεσμεύσει τους όρκους τους και τις υποσχέσεις του μονάχα στη ζωή και σε καμιά ιδέα. Η επανάσταση είναι ζωτική, αλλά δε πρέπει ποτέ να ξεχάσουμε τα όρια που μας διαχωρίζουν από την φύση. Η αποδοχή και η πίστη ήταν και θα είναι πάντα τα δυνατότερα κίνητρα αυτής της πραγματικότητας.
Profile Image for Oguz Akturk.
286 reviews586 followers
February 5, 2021
YouTube kitap kanalımda Albert Camus'nün hayatı, bütün kitapları ve kronolojik okuma sırası hakkında bilgi edinebilirsiniz: https://youtu.be/-_X3xWwwAoA

"Yeni yıla nasıl girerseniz o yıl öyle geçer" diye bir efsane vardır ya, işte ben de 2021 yılına Camus'nün Başkaldıran İnsan kitabıyla girip bütün bir yılı başkaldırı düşünceleriyle geçirmek istedim. Hem kitap okumak da en büyük başkaldırı çeşidi değil midir?

Descartes'ın "Düşünüyorum, öyleyse varım" felsefesini, "Başkaldırıyorum, öyleyse varız" haline dönüştüren Camus aslında bizi başkaldırının tarihi ve biçimleri konusunda bilgi sahibi olmaya çağırıyor. Hem biz de gün içinde nelere başkaldırmıyoruz ki?

Kendi adıma örnek verecek olursam, şekilciliklere başkaldırıyorum, gruplaşmalara başkaldırıyorum, samimiyetsizliklere, Tanrı'ya inanmasını ya da inanmamazlığını bir gösteriş biçimi olarak sunanlara, kitap okumayanlara, okuyup da hala cahil kalmayı başarabilenlere başkaldırıyorum. Daha bu senenin başında nelere başkaldıracağım konusunda da aslında diğer insanları bilgilendirmiştim. Mesela asgari ücretten bile az ücret önerip de modern köle arayan işverenlere, ayrıca bana dikte edilen ve pek çok kişinin müptelası olduğu 8-5 mesai düzenine de başkaldırdığımı söylemiştim. Evet... Artık başkaldırıyorum, öyleyse varım! Peki siz nelere başkaldırmak isterdiniz?

Camus'nün bireysel insanın salt kendi benliğiyle oluşum sürecini anlatması daha çok Tanrı'nın varlığını reddetmesi ve kendi bireyselliğini bulması üzerinden gidiyor. Bu konuda ben kendi düşüncemi buraya iliştireyim hemen. Bir Tanrı’nın varlığına inanıp inanmamanız sizi gerizekalı birisi yapmaz. Ama bir Tanrı’nın varlığına inanan ya da inanmayan birisine karışıyorsanız, o zaman siz de kolaylıkla bir gerizekalı olabilirsiniz. O yüzden aslında gerek bu kitabın gerekse de genel olarak bize başkaldırmayı öğreten kitapların ana amacı bu olmalı: Gerizekalı olmayın.

Ayrıca bu kitabın adının güzelliğine bakıp balıklama atlamak isteyenlerden misiniz yoksa? O zaman Yunan mitolojisi, Prometheus ve Zeus arasındaki insan-Tanrı karşılaşmaları, Marquis de Sade ve kitapları, Dostoyevski'nin kitapları ve özellikle Karamazov Kardeşler kitabı, Nietzsche'nin "Tanrı öldü!" demesinin felsefi, dini ve tarihi sebepleri, Nietzsche'nin bütün ahlaki değerleri reddedişinin nedenleri, Camus'nün Sisifos Söyleni kitabında temelini attığı uyumsuz ve absürt olan insanın üstüne bir de bireysel başkaldırıda bulunan insanın eklenmesi, Lautréamont ve Rimbaud'un şiirleri, Jean Jacques Rousseau ve Toplum Sözleşmesi kitabı, Hegel felsefesi, Hitler faşizmi, Rus devrimleri, Bazarov, Bakunin, Neçayevizm, Marx ve kapitalizm hakkındaki düşünceleri, Proust ve Kayıp Zamanın İzinde serisi gibi konularda altyapınızın olması ve ondan sonra bu kitabı okumanız bence çok daha iyi olur.

Elbette ben de bu konuların hepsi hakkında bilgi sahibi değildim. Sonuçta doğduğumuzda bu bilgilerden yoksun olarak doğuyoruz ve kendimizi zamanla geliştirip nelere başkaldırmamız gerektiğini de zamanla seçebiliyoruz. O yüzden Camus'nün bu kitabı bence yukarıda yazdığım konular hakkında da size araştırma ipuçları sunabilir ve hangi yazarın hangi başkaldırı biçimiyle size katkı sunacağı konusunda bir yol çizebilir. Yani Camus diyor ki: Abicim ben 360 sayfa kitap yazmışım, e bir zahmet sen de artık nelere başkaldıracağını bu kitabın içindekilerden yola çıkarak kendin seç...

Hatta bu konuların üstüne bir de "Başkaldıran İnsan okuma rehberi" verecek olsaydım öncelikli olarak Camus'nün Tersi ve Yüzü, Yaz, Mutlu Ölüm, Sisifos Söyleni ve Yabancı gibi kitaplarını okuyup ardından Camus'nün uyumsuz insan düşüncelerini anlayıp bu kitaba geçmenizi tavsiye ederdim. Kesinlikle ama kesinlikle Camus'den okuyacağınız ilk kitap bu olmamalı. Öncelikli olarak Camus'nün kendisi için belirlediği umut ve bireysel başkaldırı metaforu olan "güneş"i Tersi ve Yüzü, Sisifos Söyleni ve Mutlu Ölüm gibi kitaplarından anlayıp daha sonrasında da yine Sisifos Söyleni kitabındaki Sisifos mitiyle birlikte insan-dünya başbaşalığını anlamanız gerektiğini düşünüyorum.

Albert Camus'nün bütün kitapları için detaylı okuma rehberini en yakın zamanda hazırlayacağım.
Profile Image for Renée.
12 reviews4 followers
May 29, 2007
Although Camus is remembered more as a literary author than a philosopher, I think this work is fantastic. It's influenced me and my thinking more than any other author (apart from perhaps Nietzsche and George Steiner). Because Camus is such a wonderful author it is also not a particularely difficult read, as opposed to, say, Sartre's philosophical works (I do like Being and Nothingness, but he's really overdoing it), which makes it accessible for those who have not been educated in philosophy as well. The subject matter is also interesting for just about everything, which makes this altogether a pretty much perfect book.
Profile Image for Nelson Zagalo.
Author 9 books373 followers
August 7, 2021
Um livro poderoso que demonstra o quão Camus estava disposto a aprofundar a sua visão do mundo. Apesar de não ter conseguido chegar a ela, realizou um enorme caminho na sua busca e talvez tivesse chegado mais perto se não tivesse partido tão cedo.

Deste livro extraí uma parte considerável sobre a discussão que Camus realiza sobre o marxismo, que vale por todo o livro, e coloquei no blog intitulado:

"Camus sobre a hipótese científica de Marx"
https://virtual-illusion.blogspot.com...
Profile Image for HAMiD.
465 reviews
June 17, 2023
چگونه به خون ریختن آنچنان خو کرده اید که اگر روزی بگذرد و خونِ انسانی را نریخته باشید آن روز، زوال شما خواهد بود؟ شگفتا شگفتا از اینهمه ناانسان که ماییم

بیست و ششم خرداد یکهزارو چهارصد و دو سال نادانی
Profile Image for Heshmati.
54 reviews29 followers
March 16, 2020
بعد از مدتها یه 5 تمام عیار برای شاهکار فوق العاده و وحشی 😁کاموی نابغه.
خوندن چنین کتابی در این ایام پر استرس قرنطینگی کار سختی بود. ولی خب بالاخره انجامش دادم.
سیری در تاریخ عصیان انسان. اینکه ریشه و منشا عصیان انسان علیه متافیزیک کجا و چه تفکراتی بوده و در چه مکتب های فکری عصیان قوام یافت.. و منجر به چه نتایجی شد.
با خوندن این کتاب بیشتر فهمیدم که چرا نفی میکنم، در کجای تاریخ ایستادم و انکار میکنم، و ریشه های انکارم چیست و در چه مسیری قرار گرفتم.
توصیه میکنم برای خوندن این کتاب، پیش زمینه مطالعاتی در مورد رمانتیسم، کمونیسم، فاشیسم، فلسفه هگل،فلسفه نیچه، داستایوسکی، انقلاب فرانسه و انقلاب روسیه داشته باشید تا بهتر و سریعتر با مفاهیم مطرح شده پیش برید.
البته اگر مثل من در همه این زمینه ها پیش مطالعه کافی ندارید هم مشکل خاصی نیست. فقط کمی کندتر پیش خواهید رفت.
Profile Image for مريم عكاشة.
Author 1 book86 followers
August 16, 2012
يمكن أن أقول أن الكتاب رائع حرفياً, فأنا استفدتُ منه كثيراً, الكتاب تحدث عن تاريخ التمرد البشري و عرض فكر كامو المجرد عن نماذج من التاريخ الواقعي أو الأسطوري, نماذج لم يتناولها فكر كامو كما تناولها عامة المفكرين و الفلاسفة و سقوها للعامة, الكتاب عبارة عن نموذج تحرري متمرد على كل الأفكار السابقة عن تلك النماذج و معالجة عدمية تمردية للأفكار.
و يمكن أيضاً أن أنعت الكتاب بالممل و المكرر لأن كامو كان يكرر الأفكار ذاتها بطرق مختلفة, و لهذا مللتُ منه كثيراً في النهاية, لكن و إن كرر الفكرة ألف مرة, لن أغير رؤيتي الأولى أن الكتاب سابقة و أنه قدم لي الكثير.
Profile Image for Ariana.
123 reviews20 followers
May 23, 2018
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عصیانگر اثر البر کامو
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در عصر نفی و انکار،بعد از کمرنگ شدن حضور و نفی خدا در اذهان، مهمترین مسئله نیست انگاری و موضوع خودکشی است.
به گونه ای که بشر نیاز دارد موضع خود را با جنایت مشخص کند!
زیرا که خودکشی و کشتار، هردو گرفتن جانی در مقابل جانی دیگر است! پس ایا لازمه ی نیست انگاری قتل است؟ زیرا که بشر با عصیان بر خدا جای او را میگیرد و خودش از مخلوق به خالق تغییر نقش میدهد!
پس خالق دارنده جان انسان هاست.
ایا باید کشتار راه بیندازد؟
عصیانگر کیست؟ کسی که همه ی عمر فرمانبردار بوده و به ناگاه نه میگوید ولی نه برای نفی خود بلکه برای حفاظت از ارزش آزادی و عدالت!
این ارزش از روی خود خواهی نیست زیرا حاضر است برای این عصیان جانش را نیز فدا کند...
در عصر قدیم پرومتیوس اتش را به انسان ها داد و در مقابل خدایان عصیان کرد و مجازات شد و در عصر جدید مارکی دو ساد جرقه عصیان بر ضد خدا را زد و لذت جویی و نفی قوائد اخلاقی را خواستار شد!
نیچه و داستایفسکی امدند تا این نیست انگاری در مقابل نفی خدا را با "همه چیز مجاز است" و "حتی اگر..." پاسخ گویند...
و در نتیجه این عصیانگری بشر انقلاب هایی به وجود امد که انسان عصیان خود را از اسمان و خدا تا تاریخ و بشر و هنر ادامه داد...
از انقلاب فرانسه تا هیتلر و نازی...
عصیان برای چه؟ برای نفی خدا و داشتن عدالت و ازادی،انقلاب کرد ولی برای بقای انقلاب دست به نفی خود زد ولی همین عامل شکست انقلاب های سوسیالیستی و فاشیستی و خونین سدن گیوتین های فرانسه شد!
انسان خواست تا با جرقه عصیان علیه باور به مابعداطبیعه و خدا، و عصیان تاریخ و ستم، و عسان علیه خود، خدایی نو بنا کند که خودش باشد. ولی در راه این عصیان باید خالق میشد!
و خالق چه باید میکرد؟ این کتاب رو باید چندین و چند بار در دوره های مختلف زندگی خوند!

نیست انگار آن کس نیست که به چیزی اعتقاد ندارد، بلکه شخصی است که به اعتقاد های موجود باور ندارد... صفحه (100)

آزادی در جهانی معنا دارد که آنچه ممکن است با انچه نا ممکن است در کنار هم معنا یابد... صفحه (201)

عصیانگر خواهان زندگی نیست.خواهان دلایلی برای زندگی خود است. صفحه(141)

هنگاهی که همه نظامی هستند،جنایت آن است که اگر فرمان قتل صادر شود، ان را اجرا نکنند... بدبختانه به ندردت فرمانی برای انجام اعمال نیک صادر میشود. صفحه (246)

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برده می گفت (عصیان میکنم پس ما هستیم.)
عصیان متافیزیک به این گفته (ما تنها هستیم) را افزود.اندیشه های تاریخی محض امدند به گفتند که بودن، عمل کردن است.انقلاب ما برای به دست اوردن هستی تازه ای است که باید در عمل و خارج از هرگونه مقررات اخلاقی به وجود اوریم!
برای همین این انقلاب محکوم است که تنها برای تاریخ و همراه با ترور زن��گی کند. صفحه (233)
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عصیان در جدال با تاریخ این نکته را می افزاید که به جای کشتن یا مردن برای پدید اوردن موجودی که نیستیم، باید زندگی کنیم و زندگی ببخشیم.تا انی را که هستیم بیافرینیم. صفحه (334)
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عصیانگر پوچگرا شاید برای خودش نوعی ازادی را بخواهد، اگر رفتارش از روی منطق باشد به هیچ روی حق نابودی ازادی و هستی دیگران را نمیخواهد! صفحه (376)
Profile Image for Javier.
237 reviews53 followers
July 20, 2007
I must confess that I didn't find much that was especially insightful in Camus' account of rebellion, revolution, and nihilism here while reading it, but now that I look back on it, I see that he actually has much to say--and that much of it is worthwhile.

Camus begins by defining the rebel as one who affirms by negating, who says yes in saying no--one who decries absolute freedom in establishing limits to acceptable behavior. He thus immediately counterposes the rebel with the nihilist, who, in denying that anything has meaning, valorizes a conception of life which is dominated by mere facts--power. He takes issue with revolutionary movements as they have existed in the twentieth century, claiming most of them to have betrayed the origins of rebellion by replacing it with an absolutist--even, totalitarian--ethic. He sees much to be respected in the efforts of the Russian 'revolutionaries' of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries (a group from which he of course excludes Lenin), who rebelled against tsarism and tyranny often violently. Camus finds their nobility partly in the fact (which he posits) that these revolutionaries, unlike many of their counterparts of the twentieth century, were often quite consumed by doubt and engaged in murder and assassination only with much reluctance and much moderation. He laments, then, the disappearance of such doubt and moderation in the nihilism that gripped much of the twentieth century, nihilism that gave rise to the uncompromising ideology of Marxism-Leninism and, not unrelatedly, Nazism, and denounces its consequences.

Camus also roundly criticizes many of his intellectual contemporaries for their undying faith in Marxism, claiming, for one, that Marxism reproduces some of the central problems of religious faith (ie, in relegating justice, etc., to the "Later On," as he puts it--that is, post-capitalist society) and entails the negation of much that is defensible and good in humanity by reducing human obligation to the promotion of revolution. I think he's certainly on to something here, but I think his reading of Marx is also somewhat flawed, in that Camus seems to disregard Marx's concern with emancipation and free conscious activity in his efforts to discredit the approach of the "prophet of justice." Camus posits a different approach to social change, claiming that rebels/revolutionaries, in their efforts to combat injustice, should never lose sight of the importance of beauty within the conception of human dignity.

It seems that many so-called revolutionaries, though (probably more of the socialist-Marxist bent), would reject Camus' analysis as sentimental and, in fact, supportive of the status quo. Does Camus then break with the predominance of Marxist thought in his day and accept something close to anarchism? He certainly seems to reject revolutionary society (at least, the revolutions demonstrated thus far by history), but he remains highly critical of bourgeois society as well. Contemplating these tensions is crucially important, and Camus's The Rebel certainly represents an important contribution to this debate.
Profile Image for ZaRi.
2,321 reviews808 followers
Read
September 12, 2015
زمان دیگر چه اهمیتی دارد؟رنج برای آن کسی که به آینده ایمان ندارد هرگز موقتی نیست.اما ,یکصد سال رنج در چشم آن کس که ظهور "شهر جاودانی" را برای یکصدو یکمین سال پیشگویی می کند,چشم بر هم زدنی بیش نیست.


روح طغیان در آن روند تفکری جان میگیرد که در نقطه ی عزیمت خویش بیهودگی ظاهری این جهان را پذیرفته باشد.تجربه ی بیهودگی جهام مایه ی رنج فرد است.اما,با آغاز یک جنبش طغیانی رنج تجربه ای جمعی-تجربه ی همه ی کسان-می شود.
Profile Image for Jim Coughenour.
Author 4 books197 followers
July 22, 2009
I admit – when I first picked up The Rebel in this artful Penguin edition, I was picturing beatniks with berets and cigarettes contesting over existentialist espressos about the absurdity of man and the imperative to resist. Instead I found myself pounding through pages of difficult, beautifully-phrased polemic, never quite sure what was being argued for or against. It's not so much that Camus meanders as that he seems to take a very long, philosophical-historical route to reach the most obvious conclusion: Murder is always wrong, without exception – and whenever we champion a system of faith or justice or equality which justifies depriving others of life and liberty, we stumble into "nihilism" – or more simply, into inhumanity.

Camus opens with the provocative aphorism "Man is the only creature who refuses to be what he is" – and concludes with a line worthy of a flower-child – "instead of killing and dying in order to produce the being that we are not, we have to live and let live in order to create what we are." But the meditative chapters in between are demanding and sometimes revelatory.

This is far from my favorite book by Camus (I'm particularly fond of L'Étranger), but when he published it in 1951 it was an astounding feat of courage, earning him derision, isolation and the enmity of Sartre & Co. He is a hero to me, most of all in his refusal to be one.
Profile Image for Kiran Dellimore.
Author 5 books142 followers
September 15, 2023
****3.5 stars. However, I round it up to 4 stars.****
The Rebel is one of the most intensely philosophical books that I have read in my entire life. It packs a punch from the word go. As a result it took me quite some time to read and digest the contents of this gem from the legendary French/Algerian philosopher Albert Camus. The most striking parts of this opus, which linger with me even now as I reflect on The Rebel, are the chapters about the 'haunting' execution of King Louis XVI and the connection between Rebellion and Art. The latter began with a partial refutation by Camus of Nietzsche's famous aphorism "No artist tolerates reality", with an equally profound insight that "No artist can ignore reality." Interestingly Camus argues that writers and not fine artists shoulder the bulk of the responsibility for rebellion on the aesthetic plane. The intricacy of the arguments advanced by Camus on this topic is awe inspiring. He clearly read and synthesized a vast trove of literature in order write The Rebel with such conviction and command of history, philosophy and politics. This is no small feat. Moreover, Camus expresses his arguments and shapes his concepts with precision as well as literary finesse. This often led me to reread some parts of the text just to fully appreciate the depth of meaning infused by Camus into every sentence. Equally impressive is that Camus, who had a been initially staunch pro-communist leftist, dared to publish The Rebel in which he condemns the murderous atrocities of the totalitarian communist regime in the Soviet Union that followed from the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917. Effectively, this book signifies Camus' change in allegiance from the extreme left towards a more moderate, humanist philosophy. For this he paid the price of being ostracized by many of his contemporaries including the famous existentialist philosopher, Jean Paul Sartre.

Where The Rebel, perhaps falls short is that it is very dense and philosophy heavy. One needs to be extremely well versed in philosophy to keep up with Camus' arguments. I found myself treading water many times, just barely managing to follow him. Also, some parts of the book, in particular on Naziism and Communism in Russia go into excruciating detail and at times seem to veer off into intellectual tangents. This made it hard at times for me to sustain my engagement with the content of the book.

In short, The Rebel is perhaps not for everyone. I would highly recommend this book to avid students of philosophy and history, who are willing to make the effort and take the time to delve into the details. This is not a light read for a rainy Sunday afternoon!
Profile Image for Garima Garima.
Author 1 book44 followers
September 4, 2021
I find myself extremely ill qualified to comment or review this masterpiece.

The way Camus condenses such paradoxical questions into words, explaining it all so easily, is simply incredible.

It definitely helps a lot, understanding the obscurity through the mind of this unmatched genius!

All I can say is,
It is undoubtedly one of the best books I've ever read.
Also, a must read to help understand this conundrum of the illogical reign of man.

No, our civilization survives in the complacency of cowardly or malignant minds - a sacrifice to the vanity of ageing adolescents. Lucifer also has died with God, and from his ashes has arisen a spiteful demon who does not even under stand the object of his venture.
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