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Understanding Money Mechanics

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Understanding Money Mechanics provides the intelligent layperson with a concise yet comprehensive overview of the theory, history, and practice of money and banking, with a focus on the United States. Although the author considers himself an Austrian school economist, most of the material in this book is a neutral presentation of historical facts and an objective description of the mechanics of money creation in today's world.

This book is intended to be a reference for all readers, whether "Austrian" or not, and to bridge the gap by providing a crash course in the necessary theory and history while keeping the discussion tethered to current events.

Understanding Money Mechanics covers numerous topics, including the classical gold standard, the Fed's open market operations, changes in central bank policy since the coronavirus, the economics of Bitcoin, and a critique of Modern Monetary Theory (MMT).

307 pages, ebook

First published January 1, 2021

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About the author

Robert P. Murphy

38 books183 followers
Robert P. "Bob" Murphy is an Austrian School economist and anarcho-capitalist.

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Displaying 1 - 10 of 10 reviews
Profile Image for Josiah Edwards.
89 reviews5 followers
April 19, 2023
Simple, clear, and concise. The subject material might seem boring to some (or maybe most), but if you want to be a bit more economically literate in order to understand money and how it works, this is the book to start with.
This is not a book about investing or credit cards or that snooze fest stuff. It's a book that will offer clarity for a category that seems daunting and impossible, but is terribly relevant. Thanks Bob Murphy.
99 reviews
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March 27, 2024
It feels like the author tried to write three or four books at the same time. It starts off as a detached, value-neutral examination of money and the banking system, which is what the title promises. But then it quickly turns into why Austrians are right about everything, interrupted by a section on bitcoin for boomers and then ends with why MMT economists on Twitter are all poopoo heads.

I don't want to sound too harsh on what is a free ebook it's just frustrating when you know an author is capable of much more.
Profile Image for محمد هِج‌هاگ.
16 reviews4 followers
May 2, 2022
نسخه‌ی وب کتاب رو خوندم. از ۲۰۲۰ قرار بوده که نسخه پی‌دی‌اف بیرون بیاد. هنوز نیومده.

مطالب کتاب تراش نخورده. ویرایش نشده. متن کتاب زمخته. بعضی از فصل‌ها عینا مقالاتی هستند که رابرت مورفی قبلا به منظور دیگه‌ای نوشته. البته بقیه فصل رو مورفی ویژه‌ی این کتاب نوشته تا کار تکمیل بشه.

این کتاب ظاهرا یه دوره‌ی مقدماتی برای یادگیری مکانیک پوله که برای خواننده‌ی عام نوشته شده. ولی انصافا بدون داشتن کلی پیش‌زمینه از اقتصاد، به خصوص اقتصاد اتریشی نمیشه این کتاب رو به پایان رسوند. این کتاب رو فقط به خواننده‌ای توصیه می‌کنم که حداقل یک تکست اقتصادی از جریان اصلی و حداقل یکی از کتاب‌های مقدماتی برای آشنایی با مکتب اتریش رو خونده باشه. چون در غیر این صورت، اگه کتاب رو شروع کنید، به شدت کُند پیش خواهید رفت و درنهایت کتاب رو کنار می‌ذارید.

بعضی مطالب مثل نحوه‌ی تولید پول توسط بانک‌های تجاری برای فهمیدن کتاب خیلی خیلی مهمه. اما در کمال تعجب مورفی گاهی به بهانه‌ی جلوگیری از طولانی شدن مطلب از کنار این مقدمات مهم و حیاتی عبور میکنه و خواننده رو به کتاب‌ها و مقالات دیگه ارجاع میده. خب مگه این کتاب برای آشنایی با مکانیک پول نیست؟ چرا مکانیسم بانکداری ذخیره کسری رو توی کتابش برای خواننده توضیح نمیده. من خودم آشنایی داشتم، ولی وای به حال خواننده‌ای که کامل آشنایی نداره. پوستش کنده میشه.

هر فصل کلی ارجاعات به مقالات کتاب‌های دیگه داره. کمتر فصلی رو میشه بدون مطالعه‌ی لینک‌های کمکی متوجه شد. درسته که کتاب کم حجم به نظر میاد‌، اما برای جلو رفتن و تموم کردن کتاب مجبور شدم پنج برابر متن کتاب مطلب بخونم و مطالعه‌ی بعضی فصل‌ها رو دو سه بار تکرار کنم. مثلا یکی از فصل‌های کتاب یه مقاله‌ی آموزشی از بانک مرکزی بریتانیا رو نقد کرده. اون مقاله رو حتما باید بخونید تا نقدهای مورفی رو توی اون فصل از کتاب متوجه بشید. ولی انصافا بعد از خوندن اون مقاله و نقد مورفی، دیدگاهتون درباره‌ی مکانیسم بانکداری ذخیره کسری خیلی عمیق‌تر میشه.

جدای از سطح مطالب، نگارش کتاب هم اصلا شباهتی به کتاب‌های مقدماتی نداره. لغات و اصطلاحات زیادی داره که برای خواننده‌ی مبتدی به خصوص غیرانگلیسی زبان، کار رو سخت میکنه. علاوه بر این مورفی خیلی وقت‌ها جملات رو بیهوده کش میده و به شکل‌های مختلف تکرار میکنه. ترتیب و دسته‌بندی منطقی مطالب رو هم رعایت نکرده. باید با کلی تلاش خودت دسته‌بندی رو بیرون بکشی. اگه به اندازه‌ی کافی وقت میذاشت، می‌تونست مطالب رو با زبان ساده‌تر و نظم و سیر منطقی‌ روان‌تری بنویسه. اینطوری خواننده راحت‌تر مطلب رو میفهمید و حجم مطالب فعلی از وضعیت فعلی هم کمتر میشد. در عوض می‌تونست قسمت‌های مهمی رو که به خارج ارجاع داده، توی متن اصلی بیاره.

حالا نوبت به جنبه‌‌ی مثبت میرسه:
هر طوری شد، کتاب رو تموم کردم و حتی از هر فصل یه خلاصه برای خودم نوشتم. خوندن این کتاب و لینک‌هاش انصافا کلی چیز درباره‌ی پول بهتون یاد میده. چیزهایی که عمرا توی تکست‌هایی شبیه کتاب منکیو پیدا کنید.

مورفی توی این کتاب سعی کرده برای بی‌طرفی به اختلافات شدیدی که درباره‌ی اقتصاد پولی حتی توی خود اردوگاه اتریشی‌ها وجود داره، اشاره نکنه. مورفی از پیروان راتبارده. خیلی از عقلا با وجود تایید و تحسین قوت تحلیل‌های راتبارد در اقتصاد خرد، درباره‌ی نظرات راتبارد در حوزه‌ی کلان و به خصوص اقتصاد پولی هشدار میدن. خودم هنوز تکلیفم با نظرات مختلف اقتصاد پولی معلوم نیست و نیاز به مطالعه بیشتر دارم. ولی همین رو بدونید که مورفی توی سال ۲۰۰۹ بر اساس تئوری پولی خودش (تئوری راتباردی) پیش‌بینی کرده بود که نرخ رشد شاخص قیمت مصرف کننده در امریکا تا سال ۲۰۱۳ از ۱۰ درصد عبور می‌کنه. الان می‌دونیم که این پیش‌بینی غلط بوده. حتی با اقتصاددان‌هایی مثل برایان کاپلان سر این قضیه شرط ب��ت. مورفی یه فصل کتاب رو کلا به توضیح علت شکست پیش‌بینی خودش توضیح داده. حتی اونجا هم میگه که اگرچه زمان رو درست پیش بینی نکرده ولی به علت سیاست‌های انبساطی دوران رکود ۲۰۰۸ تورم شدید در راهه که معلوم نیست چه موقع اتفاق میفته. نمیخوام بگم که به خاطر پیش‌بینی اشتباه مورفی، پس هر چی که راتبارد درباره‌ی پول گفته اشتباهه. بلکه میخوام بگم که موقع مطالعه تئوری‌های راتباردی محتاطانه حرکت کنید. این رو هم اضافه کنم که مورفی انصافا از خیلی از اتریشی‌ها تعصب کمتری نسبت به حرف‌های راتبارد و میزس داره. توی کتابش بدون رودربایستی میگه که بیتکوین قضیه بازگشتی میزس رو نقض می‌کنه. حتی توی مناظره‌اش با سلجین از بحث‌های اخلاقی راتبارد و میزس درباره‌ بانکداری دخیره کسری دفاع نمی‌کنه. در ضمن مورفی خیلی بامزه است و اصن شبیه اقتصاددان‌های عصاقورت‌داده‌ی دیگه نیست.


در نهایت دو تا نکته رو مد نظر داشته باشید:
۱. این کتاب از نظر آموزشی خیلی قویه اما نسبتا سخت خونده میشه. اگرچه وقتی که مطلب رو بفهمید، متوجه می‌شید که اونقدرها هم سخت نبود و نویسنده می‌تونست راحت‌تر مطلب رو انتقال بده.
۲. موقع خوندن نسخه‌ی وب لینک‌ها رو دریابید. بدون خوندن مطالب کمکی نمی‌تونید کتاب رو جلو ببرید.
Profile Image for Pedro Pinto.
61 reviews2 followers
December 4, 2023
A great book on money (and consequently on inflation). A wonderful review on the basic concepts or an easy introduction for a lay person on the subject.

Introduces or revisits the Austrian economic theory of Credit Circulation Theory of Trade Cycle, Equation of Exchange, Keynesian Approach, the Market Monetarists and Modern Monetary Theory (MMT). On top it redirects you and provides relevant bibliography in case you want to get a more sophisticated knowledge in any of the previously mentioned subjects.

Highly recommend it, especially in the times we are currently living.

My highlighted Quotes:

"...A formal definition for money is that it’s a universally accepted medium of exchange. [...] medium of exchange to possess the following qualities: ease of transport, durability, divisibility, homogeneity, and convenient size and weight for the intended transactions..."


"...Among the foreign coins circulating among the American colonists, the most popular was the Spanish silver dollar. This made the term “dollar” common in the colonies, explaining why the Continental currency was denominated in “dollars” and why the US federal government—newly established under the US Constitution—would choose “dollar” as the country’s official unit of currency. ..."

"...Inflation, as this term was always used everywhere and especially in this country [the United States], means increasing the quantity of money and bank notes in circulation and the quantity of bank deposits subject to check. But people today use the term “inflation” to refer to the phenomenon that is an inevitable consequence of inflation, that is the tendency of all prices and wage rates to rise. The result of this deplorable confusion is that there is no term left to signify the cause of this rise in prices and wages. There is no longer any word available to signify the phenomenon that has been, up to now, called inflation. It follows that nobody cares about inflation in the traditional sense of the term. As you cannot talk about something that has no name, you cannot fight it. Those who pretend to fight inflation are in fact only fighting what is the inevitable consequence of inflation, rising prices. ..."

"..It is standard for economists to handle the relationship between money and prices using the equation of exchange, credited to Irving Fisher, which is nowadays11 often written as: MV = PQ where M is the quantity of money in the economy, V is the “velocity of circulation,” meaning the average number of times a unit of money “changes hands” during the time period in question,12 P is the “average price level,” and Q is the total quantity of real output produced during the period. ..."

"...Milton Friedman is often quoted as saying, “Inflation is always and every-where a monetary phenomenon.”..."

"...At this time, let us emphasize the important point that government cannot be in any way a fountain of resources; all that it spends, all that it distributes in largesse, it must first acquire in revenue, i.e., it must first extract from the “private sector.”..."

"...After explaining that government spending programs merely return resources to the private sector that had previously been taken from it, the economist will inform the public that there are three methods by which this taking occurs: taxation, borrowing, and inflation. The economist will often add that government borrowing can be considered merely deferred taxation, while inflation is merely hidden taxation. ..."

"...the printing press allows the government to get away with spending that the public would never agree to explicitly pay for, through straightforward tax hikes. ..."


Murphy, Robert. Understanding Money Mechanics. Ludwig von Mises Institute. Kindle Edition.
Profile Image for Quentin Lintz.
10 reviews1 follower
April 7, 2024
I was drawn to this book to better understand how CPI and employment rates drives the Fed's decisions and generally how interest rates are raised. The history of U.S. banking was brief but set the context very well! I want to dive deeper into that, specifically. The most recent coverage of the Fed's reaction to crises of the past 20 years lost me -- I felt like I needed a better grasp of monetary policy to understand it better. Bitcoin commentary from a Mises viewpoint: "Is Bitcoin money?" was a good addition. I wasn't aware of how MMT ideas have infiltrated the government and have began to influence monetary policy.

"Understanding Money Mechanics" is a collection of essays that motivate me to pick up a more thorough book on economics to get a better grasp of the concepts. I wouldn't consider some of this book easily understandable by a "layperson" unless they're well informed on the U.S. economy over the past 20 years.
Profile Image for Jose Miguel Porto .
197 reviews3 followers
November 10, 2022
This is an easy read for anyone interested in understanding how the Federal Reserve regulates the interest rates. The Fed affects the interest rates through different tools such as open market operations for the purchase of financial assets to increase the amount of money in the economy and thus reduce interest rates. Conversely, the Fed may sell assets to remove liquidity from the market and increase interest rates. The book also explains how the Fed's policy has evolved since the 2008 crisis, its change in policies, going from setting interest rates to improving the economy through quantitative easing, interest payment on bank reserves and the removal of banking reserves requirements. The overall concern is that the Fed’s policies to print money since 2008 should bring inflation and recession at some point.
April 22, 2023
Murphy goes through the current macroeconomic debates in this book, saving me from having to read hundreds of blog posts to understand what's going on. He writes in a funny and engaging style, explaining the major issues and key players/schools of thought. Numerous diagrams. The time will fly by, the learning will be valuable, and it's only $4 on kindle. Do it.
2 reviews
December 25, 2023
Quite extended knowledge by simplistic

At first, I was captivated by the history of the origin of the US dollar and how the Federal Reserve played it all out. But the ending didn't leave me much to think of.. maybe it is still too soon.
11 reviews
December 17, 2023
Great explanation for some basic concepts.
Towards the end it gets a bit into different economic theories (Austrian school, Keynesian, MMT) which was a bit too detailed maybe
Definitely recommend
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