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592 pages, Hardcover
First published June 2, 2016
Had Darwin looked carefully through the books in his voluminous library he might of found a reference to an obscure paper by a little known Botanist from Brno, unassumingly titled "Experiments in Plant Hibernation" and published in a scarcely known journal in 1866. The paper was written in dense German and packed with the kind of mathematical tables that Darwin particularly despised. Even so Dawin came tantalizing close to reading it. In the early 1870s pouring through a book on plant hybrids he made extensive hand written notes on pages 50 , 51, 53, and 54, but mysteriously skipped page 52 where the Brno paper of pea hybrids was discussed in detail. If Darwin had actually read it, particularly as he was writing "Variation" and formulating pangenesis, this study might have provided the final critical insight to understand his own theory of evolution. He would have been fascinated by its implications, moved by the tenderness of it labor, and struck by its strange and explanatory power. Darwin's incisive intellect would have quickly grasped its implications for the understanding of evolution.The following summary of the Nazi and Soviets genetic programs during WWII shows how things can go astray when genetics is made to fit political dogma.
The Nazis believing in absolute genetic immutability—a Jew is a Jew—had resorted to eugenics to change the structure of their population. The Soviets, believing in absolute genetic reprogrammability—anyone is everyone—could eradicate all distinctions and thus achieve a radical collective good.One positive contribution of the Nazis is that they totally discredited eugenics programs.
The mark of Nazis genetics remains like an indelible scar. … This perhaps was the final contribution of Nazism to genetics. It placed the ultimate stamp of shame on eugenics. The horror of Nazi eugenics inspired a cautionary tale prompting a global reexamination of the ambitions that had spurred the effort. Around the world eugenic programs came to a shamefaced halt.The following quotation is addressing the differences between identical twins. I saved it because of the three adjectives modifying "events." I might need those words someday to explain why I'm surprised.
What causes the difference? Forty-three studies performed over two decades have revealed a powerful and consistent answer: unsystematic, idiosyncratic, serendipitous events.Genetic markers have been identified that predict differing abilities to handle stress. The following is an interesting discussion of what could be done with that information.
It is as if resilience itself has a genetic core. Some humans are born resilient but are less responsive to interventions, while others are born sensitive but more likely to respond to changes in their environments. The idea of a resilience gene has entranced social engineers. … "Should we seek to identify the most susceptible children and disproportionately target them when it comes to investing scarce intervention and service dollars? I believe the answer is yes. Some people are … like delicate orchids, … they quickly wither when exposed to distress and depravation but blossom if given a lot of care and support. Others are more like dandelions. They prove resilient to the negative effects of adversity but at the same time do not particularly benefit from positive experiences. By identifying these delicate orchid versus dandelion children by gene profiling … societies might achieve vastly more efficient targeting of scarce resources."For many years geneticists couldn't find a way to perform targeted gene repair. The following is an interesting summary of the author's description of how yogurt engineers found a bacterium capable of defending itself from hostile viruses by a clever method that could also be borrowed by geneticists to target specific places on a gene and make repairs.
Only a handful of such instances of scientific serendipity have occurred in the history of biology. An arcane microbial defense devised by microbes discovered by yogurt engineers and reprogrammed by RNA biologist has created a trap door to transformative technology that geneticists had sought for so longingly for decades. A method to achieve directed efficient and sequence specific modification of the human genome.