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Investing: The Last Liberal Art Paperback – January 1, 2002

by Robert G. Hagstrom (Author)

4.6 15 ratings

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Investing: The Last Liberal Art (Columbia Business School Publishing)
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Investing: The Last Liberal Art offers a unique picture of the investment world within the larger world. It aligns and explains how investment management works in the context of a number of seemingly unrelated disciplines including Biology, Economics, Mathematics, Philosophy, Physics, Psychology, and Literature. This approach or latticework mode is the next logical step in helping investors understand how markets work and how to become a better investor. It also allows individuals to take additional less simplistic paths to view investing.

Editorial Reviews

Review

I read this book in one sitting: I could not put it down. -- Peter L. Bernstein, author of Against the Gods

About the Author

Robert Hagstrom is Senior Vice President and Director at Baltimore-based Legg Mason Focus Capital, a global financial services company over 100 years old. Its clients include corporations, individual investors, and government entities.

Product details

Publisher ‏ : ‎ Texere; 1st edition (January 1, 2002)
Language ‏ : ‎ English
Paperback ‏ : ‎ 224 pages
ISBN-10 ‏ : ‎ 1587991381
ISBN-13 ‏ : ‎ 978-1587991387
Item Weight ‏ : ‎ 11.2 ounces
Dimensions ‏ : ‎ 6 x 0.75 x 9 inches

Best Sellers Rank: #1,073,442 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)
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Michael Telford

Don't buy this book!

Reviewed in the United States on October 17, 2013

Verified Purchase

It is the same book called Latticework...The new investing. Great info in the book though and thought provoking and full of ideas

One person found this helpful

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Steve Waite

Worldly Investment Wisdom

Reviewed in the United States on April 28, 2002

This may be Hagstrom's best book yet. It's jam-packed with investment wisdom. The approach to investing described in this book is one that is based on a working knowledge of a variety of disciplines that was pioneered by Charlie Munger, Warren Buffett's brilliant partner at Berkshire Hathaway. Years ago, Munger developed what he termed "a lattice of mental models" that he used to create a powerful way to achieve superior investment results. According to Munger, investment decisions are more likely to be correct when ideas from other disciplines lead to the same conclusions. That is the topmost payoff-broader understanding makes us better investors.
How does one achieve worldly investment wisdom? Hagstrom believes that it is an ongoing process of acquiring the significant concepts-the models-from many areas of knowledge and then learning to recognize patterns of similarity among them. The first is a matter of educating yourself; the second is a matter of learning to think and see differently. Hagstrom notes that acquiring the knowledge of many disciplines may seem a daunting task. Fortunately, you don't have to become an expert in every field. You merely have to learn the fundamental principles-what Munger calls the big ideas-and learn them so well that they are always with you.
Hagstrom's book is intended as a starting point for this self-education process. He examines a specific discipline-physics, biology, social sciences, psychology, philosophy, and literature-from the perspective of its contribution to a latticework of models. Hagstrom does a great job of explaining the role of complexity theory in understanding financial markets and the evolving global economy.
After you read Hagstrom's book, you will be on your way to achieving worldly investment wisdom.

28 people found this helpful

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Mark Hugh Sam

If you are trying to upgrade your thinking, here's how

Reviewed in the United States on May 24, 2002

I have given the book 5 stars because in the very long run and the big scheme of things, the notions put forth will make you a significantly better person and thinker and as such the idea deserves to be understood.
The idea of attaining "worldly wisdom" is a huge goal and one can only benefit immensely by trying to attain it--a lifetime project.
This book is not for the average investor however (though they will benefit). It's for those who are already advanced in the investment game and want to achieve the extra edge.
This is also a book for those who would like to be more well rounded in their thinking; it will also appeal to the intellectuals.
This is not really a book about investing, as much as it is a book on how to think better--perhaps it needs to be retitled once more and placed in the self help book category on how to think better and to be a better person.
For those arm chair investors who want a more practical application of worldly wisdom, read Janet Lowe's book on Bill Miller "The man who beats the S&P". It was Miller's "worldly wisdom" attitude that lead to Hal Varian and Brian Arthur who introduced Miller to the notion of increasing returns which allowed Miller to think in a different way than the average investor about...Amazon.com.
The rewards of worldly wisdom are significant!

18 people found this helpful

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Christopher Hefele

Applying New Paradigms for Insightful Investing

Reviewed in the United States on May 4, 2005

Robert Hagstrom (Sr VP of Legg Mason Focus Capital) has written a light, entertaining interdisciplinary book about investing with an open mind. His main thesis is that ideas about investing, economics, and markets are part of a larger body of human knowledge, yet the pressures of the modern world tend to make us specialize in one field. However, by searching out connections and parallels between markets/finance and ideas in diverse fields of knowledge, we can (hopefully!) invest in a more insightful way.

Hagstrom then takes us on a tour of physics, biology, social sciences, psychology, philosophy and literature. In approximately 20-page chapters, he presents some essentials in each field that apply to investing.

Physics, for example, has long embraced the notion of equilibrium. Equilibrium also permeates finance; for example, supply and demand are equilibrated by the proper price. A key idea in biology is Darwinian natural selection. Hagstrom draws parallels between natural selection and the evolution of profitable trading strategies; unprofitable strategies die off in the process of competition.

The social sciences also give us insights into how people behave in groups, whether as political parties, as investors, or as cultures. These fields show emergent behavior of groups of individuals, and that the behavior of the group is more than the sum of it's parts. In economies, Adam Smith's "invisible hand" guides us towards the goal of properly rationing resources. Cities evolve distinct neighborhoods without any centralized planning. The stock market crashes occasionally as investors react to others reactions.

Psychology is also an area of prime interest to investors, because emotion and cognition influence decision-making. The emerging field of behavioral finance has shown that the market tends to overreact to news, and that a contrarian investment strategy can be profitable. Indeed, investors can often attest to an internal struggle between fear of and greed. Unchecked, these can lead to gold rushes, internet mania, or stock market crashes.

In the field of philosophy, Hagstrom focuses on the "pragmatism" movement in America, which believed that ideas are "true" if they have practical value and provide some benefit to you, rather than conforming to some transcendent absolute "truth." Adopting a pragmatic point of view may allow a trader to more easily move to a new trading model or cut losses rather if a given model or position isn't working.

Finally, Hagstrom discusses literature. He notes that literature not only stretches our imagination, but it can also teach us to read analytically, think critically, separate fact from opinion, and to discuss ideas with an open mind. This mental flexibility is crucial not only as investors in digesting news, but also as human beings.

In many of these chapters, Hagstrom returns to the emerging science of complex adaptive systems, which provides a unifying theme. Complex adaptive systems have a large number of individual units, and these units can be anything - ants, neurons, votors or investors. These units change or adapt their behavior based on their interactions with other units as well as the overall system. These systems have self-organizing properties, and generate emergent behaviour beyond the behavior of individual units (i.e. cities `spontaneously' form distinct cultural neighborhoods without planning). These systems are constantly evolving and in flux, and occasionally go through periods of sudden change (like an avalanche, or stock market crash). The common qualities of complex adaptive systems have implications for investors. The market will always be in flux, not in equilibrium, and it's more organic and emotional than mechanistic; as a result, it has small constantly changing inefficiencies that people compete to take advantage of.

Overall, my one general criticism of the book is that one can see how these fields might apply to investing at a concept level, but of course "the devil is in the details." If you're an experienced investor, you will NOT read about how all this applies to the CAPM, or what you should do now with your 401(k). But to be fair, Hagstrom says in his preface that that's not his goal - it would be impossible in one book to flush out all the details. That being said, I thought it was valuable how he described the interdisciplinary fields of "complex adaptive systems" and "behavioral finance" - these are indeed important new areas of research, ones that may reap benefits in the future. Without an interdisciplinary view of finance, these promising fields would not have come into being.

So in summary, I think this was a light, quick, enjoyable quick tour through the intellectual history of many fields. It was a valuable reminder to think outside of one's discipline to keep perspective and gain new insights. So if you want to think in a broader way about markets, then I'd recommend it.

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