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The Disruption Dilemma Hardcover – March 18, 2016
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“Disruption” is a business buzzword that has gotten out of control. Today everything and everyone seem to be characterized as disruptive—or, if they aren't disruptive yet, it's only a matter of time before they become so. In this book, Joshua Gans cuts through the chatter to focus on disruption in its initial use as a business term, identifying new ways to understand it and suggesting new tools to manage it.
Almost twenty years ago Clayton Christensen popularized the term in his book The Innovator's Dilemma, writing of disruption as a set of risks that established firms face. Since then, few have closely examined his account. Gans does so in this book. He looks at companies that have proven resilient and those that have fallen, and explains why some companies have successfully managed disruption—Fujifilm and Canon, for example—and why some like Blockbuster and Encyclopedia Britannica have not. Departing from the conventional wisdom, Gans identifies two kinds of disruption: demand-side, when successful firms focus on their main customers and underestimate market entrants with innovations that target niche demands; and supply-side, when firms focused on developing existing competencies become incapable of developing new ones.
Gans describes the full range of actions business leaders can take to deal with each type of disruption, from “self-disrupting” independent internal units to tightly integrated product development. But therein lies the disruption dilemma: A firm cannot practice both independence and integration at once. Gans shows business leaders how to choose their strategy so their firms can deal with disruption while continuing to innovate.
- Print length176 pages
- LanguageEnglish
- PublisherThe MIT Press
- Publication dateMarch 18, 2016
- Dimensions6.31 x 0.69 x 9.31 inches
- ISBN-100262034484
- ISBN-13978-0262034487
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Editorial Reviews
Review
If you think you understand when large firms are in danger, and what they should do, as well as when there are opportunities for start-ups, this is a must-read book.
—Washington Post—What makes this book compulsive is the way models of disruption are mapped onto various case studies – the introduction of the iPhone, Microsoft and the 'browser wars', the aforementioned Blockbuster – in a way that brings the theory alive and arms the reader to face future disruptions.
—Communication Director—About the Author
Product details
- Publisher : The MIT Press
- Publication date : March 18, 2016
- Language : English
- Print length : 176 pages
- ISBN-10 : 0262034484
- ISBN-13 : 978-0262034487
- Item Weight : 13.6 ounces
- Dimensions : 6.31 x 0.69 x 9.31 inches
- Best Sellers Rank: #1,407,459 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)
- #7,215 in Business Management (Books)
- Customer Reviews:
About the author

Joshua Gans is a professor of strategic management and the Jeffrey S. Skoll Chair of Technical Innovation and Entrepreneurship at the Rotman School of Management, University of Toronto (with a cross appointment in the Department of Economics). From 2013 to 2019, he was area coordinator of strategic management. Prior to 2011, he was the foundation professor of management (information economics) at the Melbourne Business School, University of Melbourne. Prior to that he was at the University of New South Wales School of Economics. In 2011, Joshua was a visiting researcher at Microsoft Research (New England). Joshua has a PhD from Stanford University and an honors degree in economics from the University of Queensland. In 2012, Joshua was appointed as a research associate of the NBER in the Productivity, Innovation, and Entrepreneurship Program.
At Rotman, he teaches entrepreneurial strategy to MBA and commerce students. He has also co-authored (with Stephen King, Robin Stonecash, and Martin Byford) the Australasian edition of Greg Mankiw’s Principles of Economics (published by Cengage); Core Economics for Managers (Cengage); Finishing the Job (MUP); Parentonomics (MIT Press); Information Wants to be Shared (Harvard Business Review Press); The Disruption Dilemma (MIT Press); Prediction Machines: The Simple Economics of Artificial Intelligence (Harvard Business Review Press); Scholarly Publishing and its Discontents; and Innovation + Equality (MIT Press). Most recently he is the author of The Pandemic Information Gap: The Brutal Economics of COVID-19 (MIT Press, 2020) and The Pandemic Information Solution: Overcoming the Brutal Economics of Covid-19 (Endeavour, 2020).
Joshua has developed specialties in the nature of technological competition and innovation, economic growth, publishing economics, industrial organization, and regulatory economics. This research has culminated in publications in the American Economic Review, the Journal of Political Economy, the RAND Journal of Economics, the Journal of Economic Perspectives, the Journal of Public Economics, and the Journal of Regulatory Economics. Joshua serves as department editor of Management Science and associate editor at the Journal of Industrial Economics. He is on the editorial boards of Games and Economic Analysis and Policy. In 2007, Joshua was awarded the Economic Society of Australia’s Young Economist Award. In 2008, Joshua was elected as a Fellow of the Academy of Social Sciences, Australia. He has also written for the Financial Times, the Sloan Management Review, and more than two hundred opinion pieces published in other outlets.
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- Reviewed in the United States on August 15, 2016Format: HardcoverVerified PurchaseThe “Disruption Dilemma” is truly a refreshing and thoughtful book by a clear and decisive thinker. Joshua Gans (Stanford Ph.D., chair holder at Rotman, University of Toronto) delivers a succinct, yet holistic and complete treatise of Disruption. His deep insights allow managers to make sense out of the “disruption overload” (found in the popular press and discussions at various companies' board rooms as well as water coolers), and to leverage Disruption for competitive advantage. One of the main contributions by Gans in this important discourse is adding a “supply side dimension” to the prevailing “demand side theory” of disruption, thus providing a much more complete, yet sharp picture of a complex phenomenon.
Professor Gans begins with clearly defining disruption. This is followed-up by a well-done synthesis of not only Clayton Christensen’s seminal contribution (demand side disruption, where existing customers play a critical role), but important ideas of other scholars (beginning with Schumpeter) that both preceded and followed the publication of the initial work on disruption some 20 years ago (i.e., Bower and Christensen, 1995, HBR).
In his trademark breathy, enjoyable, and yet reflective prose Joshua Gans walks us through different aspects of Disruption (What is it? Where does it come from?; How can you predict it?; How do you manage it?; Self-Disruption; and, If, and how, to insure against Disruption?, etc.). One of the most refreshing and novel aspects of this book is that Joshua Gans takes a second look at well-known case vignettes (Apple, BlackBerry RIM, Netflix, Fuji, IBM, Kodak, etc.) and serves up novel and fresh insights that have eluded the many other writers in this genre. Gans is able to do this because of his incredibly commanding understanding of the academic literature (in the Economics and Strategy of Innovation), besides being well-versed in the business and popular press.
Christensen’s focus is on demand side disruption (new, but initially inferior technology offered to niche or new customers improves rapidly on steep tech trajectory, and invades a leading firm’s market from the “bottom up”), while Gans adds a consideration of the supply side view of disruption (firms organize based on deep component knowledge, and how those components are put together, a so-called “architecture”) and shows that firms are sometimes unable to make the necessary internal changes to embrace disruption, not because they miss the opportunity (as assumed in demand side disruption), but that their current way of organizing does not allow them to understand the significance of a disruption that is architectural in nature (going back to the path-breaking work by Professor Rebecca Henderson, HBS). To solve these thorny issues, Joshua Gans compares and contrasts two solutions to the innovator’s dilemma: “autonomous business units” [demand side solution] versus “deep integration within the existing firm” [supply side solution]. I won’t spoil the plot, and let you find out yourself where he comes down in terms of effectiveness.
To put this review in a bit more context, I’m a professor of strategy at Georgia Tech, teach MBAs (including executives), and have worked with many companies dealing with these problems (including Microsoft, which is featured in this book). Not only as a consumer but also a producer of research and practitioner articles related to innovation (as well as a Strategy text Strategic Management: Concepts this has been one of the best books I read in the last ten years (and I read upwards of more than two dozen books a year “on the side”). I will make the Disruption Dilemma required reading in my strategy courses. Moreover, I bought copies for my friends and colleagues. A book like this comes along only every decade or so. The reader walks away with a much more nuanced and complete understanding of Disruption, and how to manage it. A must read for any business or economics student, as well as practitioners, all of whom are exposed to Innovation in one way or another. Very highly recommended! I would give it Six Stars, if I could.
- Reviewed in the United States on June 15, 2016Old school plot meets a hot new topic.
- Reviewed in the United States on July 2, 2016Format: HardcoverVerified PurchaseInsightful overview of the concept of disruption within the broader innovation literature. Joshua Gans brings clarity to a space where managers and entrepreneurs often struggle to separate hype from strategy.
- Reviewed in the United States on May 10, 2016Format: HardcoverVerified PurchaseGood book, not great. Enjoyable read.
- Reviewed in the United States on September 13, 2016awesome book!
Top reviews from other countries
- Kurt HolfeuerReviewed in Canada on January 2, 2019
5.0 out of 5 stars Excellent Book
Format: HardcoverVerified PurchaseBest overview of the theory of disruption I have come across. This is a practical, easy to follow review of the field of disruption, a must read for anyone trying to understand the possible threats associated with technological change.
- Chris OwenReviewed in the United Kingdom on December 30, 2016
4.0 out of 5 stars Great analysis of disruption
Format: HardcoverVerified PurchaseWe constantly hear about the concept of disruption in business and many examples are cited about markets, industries and sectors that are being disrupted, such as Uber, AirBnB, the whole music industry through Apple Music and streaming services such as Spotify etc. The concept of disruption is rarely analysed or explained beyond these examples which are given. The value of this book from Joshua Gans is that he unpacks the concept and explains how it works. He analyses disruption from a demand side and a supply side perspective. He further explores how companies and organisations may be able to resist disruption. A very interesting book which explores the causes of disruption and which will be useful to readers trying to understand the forces of disruption which are affecting so many areas of life.
- SharathReviewed in Canada on October 16, 2016
4.0 out of 5 stars Informative
Format: HardcoverVerified PurchaseI read the book to understand how changes distrupt businesses. This book gave me an idea for f what to look for and to an extent how to stay ahead of the curve.
- FrançoisReviewed in Canada on May 12, 2016
4.0 out of 5 stars Four Stars
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