NOTES
1. Creative Conflict
* we fear our own emotions and those of others, so we develop habits to avoid arguments, we obscure distinctive aspects of our personality, passions and values at work ("covering"). We spend so much time avoiding conflicts, that we fail to move ideas forward.
* a creative conflict requires a variety of personalities, backgrounds, attitudes, and thinking styles. What is stopping use from achieving a creative conflict is biases we have, e.g., similarity bias (we prefer things that are similar to what we know and people that are similar to us). If we are alike, we think alike. We need windows on the world, but what we look for and get are mirrors.
* another thing that makes creative conflicts impossible is fear – we are afraid of uncertainty of heated debate. However, we can practice conflicts.
* if everyone brings in the same knowledge, then why have meetings of five if we could just have one person deciding...? UNANIMITY IS ALWAYS A SIGN THAT PARTICIPATION ISN'T WHOLEHEARTED. Ask yourself what you can bring that no one else can – this is why you are there for.
* seek disconfirmation (ask people to disagree with you), ask the question: What could we see if we were wrong? Appoint a devil's advocate whose task is to argue opposite positions, but do not leave one person in this role for too long (the person would get tuned out, too).
* mistakes – as long as they are well-intentioned – are not a matter of shame but a matter of learning. Create a culture where people are not afraid of making errors – this would stop them from thinking freely and speaking up.
* IF YOU CANNOT TALK ABOUT YOUR OWN MISTAKES, THEN YOU LEARN NOTHING. It would only convince you that you are perfect, which is dangerous. If you can talk about mistakes, your people will do, too; it will give them the permission to talk about their mistakes and then the whole organisation learns. Openness about mistakes makes the organisation safer and smarter.
* EVERY DECISION IS A HYPOTHESIS. You make a decision/choice, given the available information, but it may bring results (we then call ourselves smart) or it may not (we then call it a mistake). New information may later change your decision and they turn a debate into exploration. Being able to say "I was wrong about that" removes the pressure to be perfect.
2. Social Capital
* Social capital is the trust, knowledge, reciprocity and shared norms that create quality of life and make a team resilient. It is the connection to one another that prompts people to share ideas and concerns, warn the group about potential risks and contribute. Social capital lies at the heart of good cultures.
* what makes some teams better than others is not individual IQ. In a study by Thomas Malone and MIT researchers, it was discovered that successful teams 1) give one another equal time to talk, 2) have social sensitivity (Reading the Mind in the Eyes test; empathy), 3) included more women (maybe because they have more empathy or because it makes the team more diverse). This shows how important social connectedness is.
* honest conflict during the hard work together makes social connectedness grow. If we avoid conflict, nothing happens. We need to engage into a debate to be able to see each other's perspective and sharing other people's perspectives is how we learn.
* high levels of social capital produce trust that makes the conflict safe, vigorous and open. This creates virtuous circle: 'good' conflict generates social capital, which, in turn, makes conflict safe and constructive. (see: "Work Life with Adam Grant: vulnerability builds the trust, not the other way around)
* lack of social capital makes people unwilling to speak up and think openly, which means people will never connect.
* you build social capital by learning about one another and being together; departments need to learn about one another (otherwise, they will use stereotypes). It can be as simple as people making presentations about themselves.
* social capital leads to debates and exchange that hard problems require. Creativity requires safety, but without social capital, no one will risk voicing their thoughts or a testing question. Every person and the finest talent needs social capital and IQ alone is not productive – it needs safety, support, connection, cantor and trust.
* disagreement is a sign that the team cares. Every idea starts flawed and incomplete and it only gets better thanks to discussions and debates.
* social capital makes organisations more creative and productive, because high level of trust it creates safety and honesty, which makes asking for help easier. People will share knowledge, they will help one another if they're stuck, they will try to prevent problems before they arise.
* building social capital requires listening as much as talking. Listening requires courage, because you have to be open to what you hear and be open to change. As a leader it is important to listen rather than to speak, because when a leader speaks, people will position themselves. When a leader doesn't speak and listens instead, people will listen and respond to one another, and this is how distinctive work emerges.
* listen and respond to what you have heard, NOT with the argument you prepared earlier. Do not interrupt. We interrupt when we think we know where the argument is going, but this blocks new ideas and thoughts.
3. Thinking Is Physical
* higher-order thinking (see: top-down attention) is cognitively expensive = when you pay attention to one thing, you have less for everything else. It means we cannot multitask – our brains were not built to do so.
* when we focus and mono-tasking, we get better at concentrating. Distracted people cannot think, which means they cannot think for themselves = they can make good sheep, but not a good leader.
* a number of studies throughout the 20th century has reached the same conclusion – productivity isn't linear, i.e., the longer we work (40 hours per week is tops) the more tired we get and more mistakes we make.
* we live in a culture where long working hours are a sign of commitment and no one sees that some failures may happen because of our exhausted brains. The more tired you are, the less likely you are to solve a problem, spot an error, reason correctly (tunnel vision), you just want a problem to go away.
* working 11 or more hours a day increases the risk of depression and working more than 55 hours per week leads to cognitive loss, poorer vocabulary, reasoning, information processing, problem solving, creativity, reaction times.
* the brain needs 7-8 hours of sleep a night; if deprived of that, we lose our cognitive capacity and it becomes equivalent to being over the alcohol limit. When the brain area that keeps us awake (thalamus) is hyperactive, the areas that manage information (occipital and parietal lobe) become less active, so we are not able to think clearly. After 24 hours of sleep deprivation, less glucose reaches the brain and the areas we need for thinking do not get enough of it (other parts more crucial in terms of surviving get the glucose). Working through the night may feel heroic, but our thinking is dangerously compromised.
* often best ideas come to us when we are asleep or resting. When we are asleep, our brain is busy organising and reviewing recent memories and experiences, and generating insights. Long working hours impair the talents we need.
* out of X hours we spend in the office, only part of it is productive (the rest is filled in with meetings and interruptions) and often times our productive part comes at the end of the day when we are already tired.
* to be productive we need both "real work", when we can concentrate on things, and "everything else", when we socialise, ask for help, help others, etc. It is a wise idea to designate a part of the day (e.g. from morning till noon) to quite time, when your team can work alone with no interruptions. The rest of the day would be available for "everything else". This doesn't mean that the team will get less help, but they could actually get more helpful being confident that the "real work" has been done, so they now have time available to help others. Quiet time also enables mono-tasking, when people can focus on one thing to get it done, and it builds social capital, because people become considerate of the needs of others. Sadly, many managers do not like the idea of losing the right to interrupt. Quiet time helps create the conditions in which the team can do their best.
* allowing your mind to wander can help you solve problems or gain new insights. When we focus to much on work we do, we can become inflexible and unreceptive to new patterns or ideas. When we look away from work, we access other parts of the brain that help us find new information or pattern. To be truly productive, we need focused work and time to let our mind wander, because it frees the mind to do unconsciously what eludes the conscious mind (see: "You deserve happiness" - capacity of conscious and unconscious mind). One of the best way to take a break, let our mind wander, and generate ideas is walking! For your mind to wander you need time alone.
4. Smashing Barriers
* the two biggest obstacles to innovation are rigid hierarchies and not using the skills we already have in the company.
* Expertise can inhibit innovation because it typecasts people, narrowing what they think about or what they allow themselves to think about – they can get mentally stuck and rooted to the confines of their jobs. You need to keep curiosity to be open and enabling and not to get boxed in.
* tearing down physical walls and creating open-plan offices is not enough to change mindsets and tear down the mental silos. You need to get out of the office and talk to the people for whom the work is designed. The best ideas grow out from life, from talking to your clients (a glass artist and inventing Square). No one ever had a great idea at their desk!
* Keep your company open and responsive. Talk to the front liners who deal with your customers – they know them and their problems the best. Invite them to take part in important meetings, as their insights can help develop better products and services.
* Best cultures are the cultures that believe everyone counts and everyone contributes. Coercion is everybody's job and everyone is welcome to chip in their ideas. Make people equal (serving and kitchen shift at a conference that are performed by everyone in turns).
5. Leaders everywhere
* Pygmalion effect – it is expectations, more than innate ability, that influence outcomes. Expect great things and you will get them, no matter who's gifted and talented and who's not (a study of 29 platoons, where those group nominated as exceptional gave better performance by 20%).
* the talent, energy, insight and opportunity of any organisation lie with its people. No one needs permission to be creative and courageous, but they need support, belief and engagement.
* many organisation apply forced ranking (segregating people into three groups: best, average, the rest), which leads to disengagement – the advancement of few comes at the cost of passivity and apathy in the rest. Ranking is introduced to co-opt people's competitive instinct and drive them to higher levels of performance. In reality, however, it disenfranchise the majority of the workforce by sending a message: you are not a leader. Instead of celebrating talent, we focus on rooting out under performers. Forced ranking creates a felt hierarchy, which discourages helpfulness and accountability and devalues social capital.
* what people value most in their managers is not technical skill but the fact that they believe in them, care about them, and take interest in their lives. Believing in people you work with gives them confidence and makes them develop a sense of self-efficacy. Being trusted, they learn to trust themselves. If they are helped by you and the system you create, they are more likely to take responsibility for it. One of the simplest ways to elicit great work form people is to show them you believe in them. See them, know them, understand them and show them you care.
* organisations eliminate "dead wood", but they weren't "dead wood" to begin with – you didn't hire dead people, but your lack of attention, time and concern killed off the interest and talent.
* do not force hierarchy, but form teams according to the expertise that the job demands, so that everybody can contribute at one point or another. Instead of hierarchy, you need heterarchy = an informal structure that changes in response to need (everyone matters). Instead of ranks indicating importance, you want everyone to feel that they matter, because respect flows from capability, not position.
* KNOWLEDGE IS A LEADER = the leader of a project is a person who is the most able to come up with the best solution on a given day. There should be no titles, ranks, privileges. The absence of hierarchy will make everyone feel responsible and able to make others successful, it leads to mutual accountability. Where you feel you can succeed among people you know trust, and care for, why would you let them down?
* high trust with low level of interference produce great results. Your role as a leader is observe and make sure everyone gets their say. The more power you give away, the more you have, because when people are trusted and empowered, they take ownership and will not let you down.
* you never learn anything new from people who agree with you, so make sure people speak openly and speak up if they think differently. Do not think people work FOR you – you work WITH them.
* power is not a privilege – it's a problem and the steeper the hierarchy, the greater the risk. Give away power and recognise that you depend on the people around you, so do not concentrate the power on the top floors or top people. No one cares about the organisation like the people who work there. Every day they see things that could be done better or not done at all. If things do not work out, do not make a decision yourself how to change it, do not bring in external consultants – instead, find a solution with the people you work with.
* You succeed when you make others successful.